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((Short description|Bellows-blown bagpipes from North East England))
((More citations needed|date=January 2021))
((EngvarB|date=October 2013))
((Use dmy dates|date=July 2023))
[[File:BewickPipesDunn.jpg|thumb|300px|These Northumbrian smallpipes were made by John Dunn, and belonged to Robert Bewick. They have an inscription on the dronestock ferrule stating their provenance. It is likely that this simple chanter is not the original, which was probably keyed.]]

The '''Northumbrian smallpipes''' (also known as the '''Northumbrian pipes''') are bellows-blown [[bagpipes]] from Northeastern [[England]],  where they have been an important factor in the local musical culture for more than 250 years.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.nspipes.co.uk/nsp/|title=Northumbrian Smallpipes - Blue-Bell|website=Nspipes.co.uk))</ref> The family of the [[Duke of Northumberland]] have had an official piper for over 250 years. The [[Northumbrian Pipers' Society]] was founded in 1928, to encourage the playing of the instrument and its music;<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.northumbrianpipers.org.uk/index.php?page=the-northumbrian-pipers-society|title = The Northumbrian Pipers' Society – the Northumbrian Pipers' Society))</ref> Although there were so few players at times during the last century that some feared the tradition would die out, there are many players and makers of the instrument nowadays, and the Society has played a large role in this revival. In more recent times the Mayor of [[Gateshead]] and the Lord Mayor of [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] have both established a tradition of appointing official Northumbrian pipers.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.magneticnortheast.com/northumbrian-pipes|title=Hire a Northumbrian Piper|website=Magnetic North East))</ref>

In a survey of the bagpipes in the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford University, the [[organologist]] [[Anthony Baines]] wrote: "It is perhaps the most civilized of the bagpipes, making no attempt to go further than the traditional bagpipe music of melody over drone, but refining this music to the last degree."<ref>''Bagpipes'', Anthony Baines, ((ISBN|0-902793-10-1)), Pitt Rivers Museum, Univ. of Oxford, 3rd edition, 1995 147 pages with plates</ref>

The instrument consists of one [[chanter]] (generally with [[key (instrument)|keys]]) and usually four [[drone (music)|drones]].
The cylindrically bored chanter has a number of metal [[key (instrument)|keys]], most commonly seven, but chanters with a range of over two octaves can be made which require seventeen or more keys, all played with either the right hand thumb or left little finger. There is no [[overblowing]] employed to get this two octave range, so the keys are therefore necessary, together with the length of the chanter, for obtaining the two octaves.

The Northumbrian smallpipes' chanter having a completely closed end, combined with the unusually tight fingering style (each note is played by lifting only one finger or opening one key) means that traditional Northumbrian piping is [[staccato]] in style. Because the bores are so narrow, (typically about 4.3 millimetres for the chanter), the sound is far quieter than most other bagpipes.

A detailed account of the construction of Northumbrian smallpipes written by [[William Alfred Cocks]] and [[Jim Bryan (piper)|Jim F. Bryan]]<ref>William Alfred Cocks and Jim F. Bryan, ''The Northumbrian Bagpipes'', Northumbrian Pipers' Society, 1967.</ref>
was published in 1967 by the [[Northumbrian Pipers' Society]]; it was very influential in promoting a revival of pipemaking from that time. This is now out of print, however. Another description, by Mike Nelson, is currently available. Nelson's designs also include the "School Pipes", G-sets with plastic components, made to be used in schools in Northumberland.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.machineconcepts.co.uk/smallpipes/pipe1.htm|title=Making a Set of Northumbrian Smallpipes|website=Machineconcepts.co.uk))</ref> These two accounts differ rather in their objectives, as Cocks and Bryan was based on descriptions of existing sets, notably by [[Robert Reid (pipemaker)|Robert Reid]], Nelson being a description of his own design.

[[File:Billy Pigg.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Billy Pigg]]

==Early development==
The earliest known description of such an instrument in Britain is in the Talbot manuscript<ref>The James Talbot manuscripts, Music MS 1187, Christ Church Library, Oxford.</ref> from about 1695. The descriptions of bagpipes mentioned in this early source are reproduced in<ref>James Talbot's Manuscript. (Christ Church Library Music MS 1187). III. Bagpipes
[[William Alfred Cocks|William A. Cocks]]; F. S. A. Scot, ''The Galpin Society Journal'', Vol. 5. (Mar. 1952), pp. 44–47.</ref> One of these instruments was a bellows-blown 'Bagpipe, Scotch', with three drones, whose keyless chanter had a one-octave range from G to g, with each note being sounded by uncovering a single hole, as in the modern instrument. This seems to have been a closed-ended chanter, for the lowest note is sounded by uncovering the lowest finger-hole – there was no bell-note, sounding with all holes covered; further, Talbot did not give the bore of the chanter, suggesting that it could not easily be measured.<ref>John Goodacre, A Closed-ended Smallpipe Chanter from the 17th Century, ''Northumbrian Pipers' Society Magazine'', v.19, 1998.</ref> The three drones were in unison with the lowest note, G, of the chanter, the D a fourth below it, and G, an octave below. It has been argued that such instruments were derived from mouth-blown German three-drone bagpipes.<ref>The Origins of the Northumbrian Smallpipes, Ernst E. Schmidt, ''Northumbrian Pipers' Society Magazine'', v.21–22, 2000–2001.</ref> These instruments seem to have been well-established in Northumberland by the early 18th century; many of the tunes in the [[William Dixon manuscript]] are suitable for such simple sets, and a painting<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.asaplive.com/archive/detail.asp?id=M0502900 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419144447/http://www.asaplive.com/archive/detail.asp?id=M0502900 |archive-date=19 April 2016 )) FARNE Archive.</ref> of ''[[Joseph Turnbull]], Piper to the [[Duke of Northumberland|Duchess of Northumberland]]'', in [[Alnwick Castle]], shows him with such a set. When [[Thomas Doubleday]] published an open letter in 1857, to the [[Duke of Northumberland]] about the "ancient music of Northumberland",<ref>((Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyNcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1|title=A letter to ... the Duke of Northumberland on the ancient Northumbrian music, its collection and preservation|first=Thomas|last=Doubleday|date=12 January 1857|publisher=Smith, Elder & Company|access-date=12 January 2021|via=Google Books))</ref> he wrote that "The Northumbrian pipe is played upon by means of the method called 'close fingering', for which it is calculated. This method of stopping allows only of one finger being lifted at a time. Thus this instrument is limited to a single octave; and this (little as it is) admits of all the airs, to which it is really suited, being executed by its means; with the additional improvement that it may be played perfectly in tune, whilst the tones it produces being staccato and of a clear, ringing, pearly and brilliant character, gives the instrument a power which its appearance by no means promises, and which is really surprising when the diminutive size of its chanter or melody-pipe is considered".  This is still a valid description of the unkeyed instrument, its repertoire, and proper playing style.

==Chanter==
Although keyless chanters seem to have been common for much of the 18th century, the earliest evidence of the introduction of a keyed chanter is the illustration and fingering chart in [[John Peacock (piper)|John Peacock's]] tunebook, ''A Favorite Collection of Tunes with Variations Adapted for the Northumberland Small Pipes, Violin, or Flute'',<ref>Peacock's Tunes, 2nd ed., Northumbrian Pipers' Society (1999), ((ISBN|0-902510-19-3))</ref> first published by William Wright, of Newcastle, in about 1800. [[File:Keyed+chanter.jpg|thumb|Peacock's keyed chanter]]
The first of these were probably made by [[John Dunn (bagpipe maker)|John Dunn]]. The instrument depicted in Peacock's tunebook had only four keys, for F sharp, E and D below the octave G-g range of the unkeyed instrument, and another for the ((what|date=October 2023)) an above it. Two early pipe tunes written for such an instrument are "[[Young William Lamshaw|Lamshaw's Fancy]]", and "Shields Fair". Lamshaw died in 1806, but is known to have played the 'improved smallpipes'; although only one of these tunes bears his name, the other probably commemorates the Tynemouth and North Shields Fair, inaugurated in 1804. Lamshaw played there in his capacity as the Duke's piper.

In subsequent years, the design was developed and refined further by [[Robert Reid (pipemaker)|Robert Reid]] and his son James; in particular, more keys were added.

In practice, beginning players find that the seven key chanter, with a range of D to b, is sufficient for playing most of the traditional piping repertoire. Such a chanter, made by [[Robert Reid (pipemaker)|Robert Reid]], is shown below – the four views show respectively:

*from the front, the fingerholes (for G, A, B, c, d, e, f sharp),
*from the player's left, the keys (for low E and high a) operated by the left little finger,
*from the back, the thumbhole (for high g) and two keys operated by the right thumb (for low F sharp and for d sharp),
*from the right, the other keys operated by the right thumb (for low D, c sharp, and high b).
[[File:Reid seven key chanter.jpeg|thumb| A 7-keyed chanter by Robert Reid.

This is a composite image showing all sides of a classic seven-keyed chanter made by Robert Reid, probably about 1820.]]
Chanters with more keys permit the playing of tunes with a wider range or with more chromatic notes, and allow access to much of the fiddle repertoire.

The chanter has a double reed, similar in construction to an oboe reed. This leads to a distinctive sound, rich in higher [[harmonic]]s.
As the bore is cylindrical, the odd harmonics are greatly predominant.

Traditionally, the chanter has been pitched somewhere between F and F sharp, older instruments often being close to modern F sharp. Several modern makers prefer to produce pipes pitched at what Northumbrian pipers refer to as [[F+ (pitch)|F+]], a [[pitch (music)|pitch]] where the nominal G sounds approximately twenty [[Cent (music)|cents]] sharp of F natural. This nominal G, however, is always notated as G.  Nowadays, chanters are available anywhere from D to G, F+ being the commonest for solo or ensemble piping, but G being the most popular for playing ensemble with other instruments. Pipes with a tonic of F# are used for solo performance by several pipers now, being brighter in tone than those in F+, without being 'squeaky'.

==Drones==

There are usually four drones on a set of Northumbrian pipes, mounted in parallel in a common stock. These are tunable, and three will usually be tuned to the tonic, dominant and octave tonic, the other one being shut off. Like the chanter, these have a narrow cylindrical bore. Unlike the chanter, though, the reeds have a single blade; they are either cut from a single tube of cane, or else a strip of cane in a metal body. Current pipe-makers have also experimented with plastic blades (Richard Evans) and carbon fibre blades (Mike Nelson) on metal bodies.

As well as a tuning slide for precise adjustment of tuning, each drone will usually possess one or two 'bead holes' allowing its pitch to be raised by a tone or two, therefore allowing the piper to play in different musical keys, but still generally using the tonic, dominant and octave tonic combination of drone harmony.

Sets with five or even six drones have been made since the 19th century (to allow ease of retuning); however these are not common and generally specifically commissioned.

Only three drones are usually sounded at once, tuned for instance to G, D and g if the tonic of the tune is G. Sets sometimes have thumb-operated drone switches, allowing players to change key without stopping playing. Occasionally, though rarely, other tunings have been used, for example [[Tom Clough]]<ref>''The Clough Family of Newsham'', edited by Chris Ormston and Julia Say, Northumbrian Pipers' Society, ((ISBN|0-902510-20-7))</ref> recommended G, c, g, suitable for tunes in C major, or D, A, d, a, for some tunes in D major.

==Repertoire==
The earliest bagpipe tunes from Northumberland, or indeed from anywhere in the British Isles, are found in [[William Dixon manuscript|William Dixon]]'s manuscript from the 1730s.<ref>''The Master Piper – Nine Notes That Shook the World'', William Dixon (1733), edited by Matt Seattle 1995, Dragonfly Music, ((ISBN|1-872277-23-3)).</ref> Some of these can be played on [[Border pipes]] or an open-ended smallpipe like the modern [[Scottish smallpipes]], but about half the tunes have a single octave range and sound well on the single-octave, simple, keyless Northumbrian pipe chanter. These tunes are almost all extended variation sets on dance tunes in various rhythms – reels, jigs, compound triple-time tunes (now known as slip jigs), and triple-time hornpipes.

At the beginning of the 19th century the first collection specifically for Northumbrian smallpipes was published, [[John Peacock (piper)|John Peacock]]'s ''Favorite Collection''. Peacock was the last of the Newcastle [[Wait (musician)|Waits]] (musical watchmen), and probably the first smallpiper to play a keyed chanter. The collection contains a mixture of simple dance tunes, and extended variation sets. The variation sets, such as ''Cut and Dry Dolly'' are all for the single octave keyless chanter, but the dance tunes are often adaptations of fiddle tunes – many of these are Scottish, such as "[[Money Musk#Music|Money Musk]]". A pupil of Peacock, [[Robert Bewick]], the son of [[Thomas Bewick]] the engraver, left five manuscript notebooks of pipetunes; these, dated between 1832 and 1843, are from the earliest decades in which keyed chanters were common, and they give a good early picture of the repertoire of a piper at this stage in the modern instrument's development.<ref>''Bewick's Pipe Tunes'', ed. Matt Seattle, Dragonfly Press (1998), ((ISBN|1-872277-26-8))</ref> Roughly contemporary with this is Lionel Winship's manuscript, dated 1833, which has been made available in facsimile on [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015011/http://www.asaplive.com/archive/index.asp FARNE]; it contains copies of the Peacock tunes, together with Scottish, Irish, and ballroom dance tunes. Both these sources include tunes in E minor, showing the d sharp key was available by this date.

The [[Northumbrian Minstrelsy]], published in 1882, aimed to serve as a historical repository of Northeastern folk songs and pipe music, covering an area from Durham City to just north of the Scottish border. The book is divided into two sections: the first section presents the lyrics (accompanied by some music) of local, now-historical songs, while the second part provides the music for many Northumbrian smallpipe tunes, with very few lyrics. The Minstrelsey drew upon a number of antecedent sources, including Joseph Ritson's Bishopric Garland and Northumberland Garland, John Bell's Rhymes of Northern Bards, and Joseph Crawhall II's Tunes for the Northumbrian Small Pipes.<ref>((cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=E. David |title=Victorian songhunters: the recovery and editing of English vernacular ballads and folk lyrics, 1820-1883 |date=2006 |publisher=Scarecrow |location=Lanham, Md |isbn=1461674174 |page=370 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Victorian_Songhunters/B1tI8sPaqBwC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=18 March 2024))</ref>

As keyed chanters became more common, adaptations of fiddle music to be playable on smallpipes became more feasible, and common-time hornpipes such as those of the fiddler [[James Hill (folk musician)|James Hill]] became a more significant part of the repertoire. ''The High Level'' is one. Many dance tunes in idioms similar to fiddle tunes have been composed by pipers specifically for their own instrument – ''The Barrington Hornpipe'', by [[Thomas Todd (piper)|Thomas Todd]], written in the late 19th century, is typical. Borrowing from other traditions and instruments has continued – in the early-to-mid 20th century, [[Billy Pigg]],<ref>''Billy Pigg, The Border Minstrel'', Northumbrian Pipers' Society, 2nd edition, 2 vols., C. Ross and J. Say, ((ISBN|978-0-902510-30-2)), ((ISBN|978-0-902510-31-9)).</ref> and Jack Armstrong (The [[Duke of Northumberland]]'s Piper) for instance, adapted many tunes from the Scottish and Irish pipe and fiddle repertoires to smallpipes, as well as composing tunes in various styles for the instrument.

Although many pipers now play predominantly dance tunes and some slow airs nowadays, extended variation sets have continued to form an important part of the repertoire. [[Tom Clough]]'s manuscripts contain many of these, some being variants of those in Peacock's collection. Other variation sets were composed by Clough, such as those for ''Nae Guid Luck Aboot the Hoose'' which uses the extended range of a keyed chanter.

===Modern orchestral pieces for the smallpipes===
Primarily known as a virtuoso player of the [[English concertina]], [[Alistair Anderson]] also plays Northumbrian smallpipes and has composed many tunes on and for the instrument. His compositions for groups of instruments have explored a greater range of harmonies than was traditionally associated with the smallpipes' repertoire, and he has collaborated with musicians such as jazz trombonist [[Annie Whitehead]] as well as writing the ''Shivering Stone'' suite which he performed with the [[Lindsay String Quartet]].

[[Kathryn Tickell]] (a protégée of Anderson's in her youth) has composed many virtuoso pieces for the smallpipes and has explored an even wider range of collaborations; besides [[The Chieftains]] and [[The Boys of the Lough]], she has worked with the [[Penguin Café Orchestra]], percussionist [[Evelyn Glennie]], jazz saxophonist [[Andy Sheppard]] and [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], as well as having had a modern classical piece, ''Kettletoft Inn'', composed for her by [[Peter Maxwell Davies|Sir Peter Maxwell Davies]].<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.maxopus.com/resources.aspx |title=News - Sir Peter Maxwell Davies - maxopus.com |access-date=7 February 2013 |archive-date=26 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226023232/http://www.maxopus.com/resources.aspx |url-status=dead ))</ref>

In 2008 she composed a suite for the [[BBC Promenade Concerts]] for the [[London Sinfonietta]], [[Muzsikas]] and [[Folkestra]].<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.kathryntickell.com/biography/|title=Kathryn Tickell |website=Kathryntickell.com|access-date=12 January 2021))</ref> More recently, Tickell has collaborated with pianist [[Joanna MacGregor]] and the [[Nash Ensemble]], playing new compositions based on traditional Northumbrian tunes by [[Howard Skempton]], Peter Maxwell Davies and [[Michael Finnissy]].<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.kathryntickell.com/news/?page=3|title=Kathryn Tickell|website=Kathryntickell.com|access-date=12 January 2021))</ref>

==Playing style==
The traditional style of playing on the instrument is to play each note slightly [[staccato]]. Each note is only sounded by lifting one finger or operating one key. The aim is to play each note as full length as possible, but still separate from the next – 'The notes should come out like peas'. The chanter is closed, and thus briefly silent, between any two notes, and there is an audible transient 'pop' at the beginning and end of a note.

For decoration, it is common to play short grace notes preceding a melody note. Some pipers allow themselves to play these open-fingered rather than staccato, and [[Billy Pigg]] was able to get great expressive effects in this way – 'You should be able to hear the bairns crying'. But 'choyting' (the complex open-fingered gracing after the manner of Highland piping) is generally frowned on, and [[Tom Clough]] made a point of avoiding open-fingered ornament altogether, considering open-fingering 'a grievous error'. Several pipers play in highly close-fingered styles, Chris Ormston and [[Adrian Schofield]] among them; even among those such as [[Kathryn Tickell]] who use open fingering for expression, the close-fingered technique is the basis of their playing.

==Recordings==
There are a substantial number of recordings of the smallpipes currently available, covering the whole range of archive, commercial and non-commercially presented music. Re-issues of historically significant recordings of the pipes from the 20th century include:
*Topic TSCD487 [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00000591H The Northumbrian Smallpipes] – includes the 3 Tom Clough recordings.
*LERCD4006 [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00008XURA Billy Pigg, the Border Minstrel]

==Northumbrian pipers==
===Past players===
((div col|colwidth=20em))
*James (Jamie) Allen
*[[William Green (piper)]]
*[[Thomas Hair (musician)]]
*[[G.G. Armstrong]]
*Jack Armstrong
*George Atkinson
*[[Robert Bewick]]
*[[Tommy Breckons]]
*[[Forster Charlton]]
*[[Henry Clough]]
*[[Tom Clough]]
*[[Joe Hutton (piper)|Joe Hutton]]
*[[Richard Mowat]]
*[[John Peacock (piper)|John Peacock]]
*[[Billy Pigg]]
*[[Colin Ross (folk musician)|Colin Ross]]
*[[Thomas Todd (piper)|Thomas Todd]]
((div col end))

===Current players===
((div col|colwidth=20em))
*[[Alistair Anderson]]
*[[Pauline Cato]]
*[[Ged Foley]]
*[[Dick Hensold]]
*[[Ian Lawther (bagpipe player)|Ian Lawther]]
*[[Andy May (folk musician)|Andy May]]
*[[Chris Ormston]]
*[[Anthony Robb]]
*[[Alice Robinson (piper)|Alice Robinson]]
*[[Adrian Schofield]] 
*[[Kathryn Tickell]]
*[[Becky Taylor]]
*[[Andy Watchorn]]
*[[Alex Barrass]]
((div col end))

===Current pipemakers===
This list is not exhaustive – there are a number of pipemakers producing pipes who choose not to advertise or who make instruments on an ad hoc basis.
* [http://www.northumbrianpipes.co.uk Kim Bull]
* [[Richard & Anita Evans]]
* [[Andy May (folk musician)|Andy May]]
* [[David Shaw (pipemaker)|Dave Shaw]]
* [[Ray Sloan]]
* [[Paul Tabbush]]
* [[Philip Gruar]]

==See also==
*[[Music of Northumbria]]
*[[Northumbrian Pipers Society]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category|Northumbrian smallpipes))
* [http://www.northumbrianpipers.org.uk/ Northumbrian Pipers' Society]
* John Liestman. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323131144/http://www.liestman.com/The%20Northumbrian%20Smallpipes%20Tutor%20-%20Liestman.pdf ''The Northumbrian Smallpipes Tutor''].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015011/http://www.asaplive.com/archive/index.asp FARNE] archive – contains manuscript and printed music, as well as recordings and photographs of pipers.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150812080933/http://www.morpethbagpipemuseum.org.uk// Morpeth Bagpipe Museum]
* [http://www.milecastle27.co.uk/simulator/ Northumbrian Smallpipes Simulator]

((English folk music))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Northumbrian Smallpipes))
[[Category:Bagpipes]]
[[Category:English musical instruments]]
[[Category:Northumberland]]

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Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:DecodeEncode (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbrian_smallpipes"