Norwegian orthography is the method of writing the Norwegian language, of which there are two written standards: Bokmål and Nynorsk. While Bokmål has for the most part derived its forms from the written Danish language and Danish-Norwegian speech, Nynorsk gets its word forms from Aasen's reconstructed "base dialect", which is intended to represent the distinctive dialectal forms. Both standards use a 29-letter variant of the Latin alphabet and the same orthographic principles.
The letters c, q, w, x and z are not used in the spelling of indigenous Norwegian words. They are rarely used; loanwords routinely have their orthography adapted to the native sound system.
Diacritics
Norwegian (especially the Nynorsk variant) also uses several letters with diacritic signs: é, è, ê, ó, ò, ô, and ù. The diacritic signs are not compulsory,[1] but can be added to clarify the meaning of words (homonyms) which otherwise would be identical. One example is ein gut ("a boy") versus éin gut ("one boy"), in Nynorsk, and en gutt ("a boy") versus én gutt ("one boy") in Bokmål. Diacritics are obligatory in foreign proper names that use them, like Rhône, Liège, Linné, München. In other loanwords diacritics are optional, like crème fraîche, tête-à-tête. If the loanword has been adapted for Norwegian use, diacritics that were there originally should not be included, as in ampere, bohem, opera.[1] The Norwegian vowels æ, ø and å never take diacritics.
The diacritic signs in use include the acute accent, grave accent and the circumflex. A common example of how the diacritics change the meaning of a word, is for:
for (preposition. For or to, Bokmål and Nynorsk)
fór (verb. Went, in the sense went quickly, Bokmål and Nynorsk.)
fòr (noun. Furrow, only Nynorsk)
fôr (noun. Fodder, feed, fodder, Bokmål and Nynorsk)
Ò can be used in òg, meaning "also". This word is found in both Nynorsk and Bokmål. An example of ê in Nynorsk is the word vêr, meaning "weather".
Sound to spelling correspondences
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2014)
Vowel length can usually be deduced from the spelling based on the rule that short vowels are followed by two or more consonant letters, while long vowels are followed by at most one consonant letter. There are, however, certain exceptions to this rule where vowel length must be memorised.
In those cases where the same letter can represent two different vowel qualities, the first given vowel is by far predominant (for example, short o is usually /ɔ/, long o is usually /uː/). Words where the other vowel quality occurs should, again, be memorised as exceptions.
Consonants
Orthography
IPA
b
/b/
d
/d/;
silent at the end of a morpheme after l and n, as in kald ‘cold’ or hånd ‘hand’, and sometimes within a morpheme as well, as in bonde ‘farmer’,
as well as at the end of a morpheme after a long vowel in some words, such as god ‘good’, blod ‘blood’, rød ‘red’, glad ‘glad, happy’, med ‘with’
dj
/j/
f
/f/
g
/j/ before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨y⟩ in native words, e.g. å gi ‘to give’, gyldig ‘valid’, as well as in the pronouns jeg ‘I’, meɡ ‘me’, deɡ ‘you [sinɡular accusative]’, seɡ ‘himself, herself, itself, oneself, themselves’ and in the words geit ‘goat’ and Sverige ‘Sweden’;
/ɡ/ elsewhere, e.g. Norge ‘Norway’, including before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨y⟩ in loanwords, e.g. gitar ‘guitar’, gymnas ‘grammar school’;
silent in the suffixes -iɡ and -liɡ, e.ɡ. søvnig ‘sleepy’, vennliɡ ‘friendly’, except before the superlative suffix -st, where it is pronounced as /k/, e.g. søvnigst, vennligst;
silent in the word morgen ‘morning’ and in the unstressed form of the pronouns jeg, meg, deg, seg;
may be silent in the word og ‘and’
gj
/j/
gn
/ɡn/ word-initially, /ŋn/ elsewhere
h
/h/
hj
/j/
hv
/ʋ/
j
/j/
k
/ç/ before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨y⟩, /k/ elsewhere
kj
/ç/
l
/l/,/ɽ/
lj
/j/
m
/m/
n
/n/
ng
/ŋ/, e.g. konge ‘king’, pingvin ‘penguin’, except in some loanwords, e.g. kenguru ‘kangaroo’, where it is /ŋɡ/
p
/p/
r
/ɾ/,/ʁ/,/χ/
rd
[ɖ],/ɾ/,/ɽ/,/ʁ(d)/
rl
[ɭ],/ʁl/
rn
[ɳ],/ʁn/
rs
/ʂ/,/ʁs/
rt
[ʈ],/ʁt/
s
/s/;
/ʂ/ before l in native words within a morpheme, as in slange ‘snake’ or Oslo ‘Oslo’ (but /s/ in løslate ‘to release’ (not within the same morpheme) or in islam ‘Islam’ (foreign word))
sj
/ʂ/
sk
/ʂ/ before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨y⟩, /sk/ elsewhere
skj
/ʂ/
t
/t/;
silent at the end of the word in the neuter article/pronoun det ("the, that, it") and in the neuter definite article suffix -et
tj
/ç/
v
/ʋ/;
silent after l at the end of the words selv ("self"), halv ("half") and tolv ‘twelve’
History
The letter Å (HTMLå) was officially introduced in Norwegian in 1917, replacing Aa or aa. The new letter came from the Swedish alphabet, where it had been in official use since the 18th century. The former digraphAa still occurs in personal names. Geographical names tend to follow the current orthography, meaning that the letter å will be used. Family names may not follow modern orthography, and as such retain the digraph aa where å would be used today. Aa remains in use as a transliteration, if the letter is not available for technical reasons. Aa is treated like Å in alphabetical sorting, not like two adjacent letters A, meaning that while a is the first letter of the alphabet, aa is the last. This rule does not apply to non-Scandinavian names, so a modern atlas would list the German city of Aachen under A but list the Danish city of Aabenraa under Å.
A difference between the Dano-Norwegian and the Swedish alphabet is that Swedish uses the variant Ä instead of Æ, and the variant Ö instead of Ø (like German). Also, the collating order for these three letters is different: Å, Ä, Ö.
Computing standards
Swedish computer keyboard with white markings for common characters, red for Norwegian (Ø, Æ), light green for Danish (Æ, Ø) and blue-green for Estonian (Ü, Õ, §, ½).
In computing, several different coding standards have existed for this alphabet:
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