French flying ace René Fonck scored his 75th and final aerial victory, ending the war as the highest-scoring Allied ace and second-highest scoring ace overall of World War I after German ace Manfred von Richthofen.[10]
Canadian and British forces capturedValenciennes, France in one of the last battles of World War I.[15] Canadian non-commissioned officer Sergeant Hugh Cairns successfully led the capture of several German machine gun nests the previous day before he was critically wounded. He died from his wounds the same day the commune was liberated from the Germans, and was awarded posthumously the Victoria Cross. He was the last of 71 Canadians to receive the decoration.[16]
Battle of Vittorio Veneto – The battle ended as soon as the armistice between the Allies and Austria-Hungary was signed. At that point, the Central Powers had suffered 30,000 killed and wounded with another 300,000 taken prisoner. Italy sustained 37,461 casualties, with most from the attempt to recapture Monte Grappa.[23]
Kiel mutiny – Thousands of supporters descended on the German port of Kiel to support a mutiny of sailors in the Imperial German NavyHigh Seas Fleet. A German force sent to quell the demonstration shot into the crowd, killing seven and wounding another 29 men. Although supporters withdrew, the act was considered the start of the German Revolution.[25]
The Robespierre Monument was unveiled in Moscow to commemorate the first anniversary of the October Revolution. However, its shoddy concrete and steel wire design proved unstable and the statue collapsed four days later.[30][31]
Kiel mutiny – German militia were called to occupy the port of Kiel but many of the soldiers called in defected to the revolutionary side. By the end of the day, some 40,000 revolutionaries had occupied the port and released 14 demands to the German government.[34][35]
Forty German Fokker aircraft attacked nine Sopwith Camels with the No. 65 Squadron southeast of Ghent, Belgium. Aircraft with No. 204 Squadron joined the action, and the resulting massive dogfight ended with 22 German aircraft reported either shot down or last seen headed earthward out of control.[42]
Battle of Przemyśl – Ukrainian and Polish forces called for a temporary ceasefire in Przemyśl to allow the release of the Polish commanding officer and to exchange food supplies.[43]
Violent unrest between ethnic Italians and Croats broke out in Split, Dalmatia (now part of Croatia) after Italian flags were hung in house windows in honor of two French destroyers entering the port, giving the impression citizens were supporting Italy's bid for annexation.[75][76]
French soldier Augustin Trébuchon was killed 15 minutes before the armistice, becoming the last French military casualty of the war. However, his death was recorded one day earlier as the French army was embarrassed to have soldiers engaged in combat on the day of the armistice.[93]
Meuse–Argonne offensive – The armistice immediately suspended all fighting in the campaign. American and French casualties totaled 192,000, while German casualties were around 126,000. It had been the largest American operation of World War I, with 1.2 million soldiers committed to the offense.[95][96]
Emperor Charles proclaimed he would give up absolute power in Austria, and again two days later for Hungary. However, he did not formally abdicate the throne in hopes the people of either country would vote to recall him.[98][99]
Red Week – A mix of Catholic, Protestant and moderate socialist organizations met in The Hague to organize a counter-campaign against the far-left socialist uprising in the Netherlands, calling themselves the "Orange Movement" (Oranjebeweging), after the Dutch royal family Orange-Nassau.[100]
Battle of Przemyśl – Polish artillery shelled Ukrainian defenses in the eastern half of Przemyśl after an ultimatum to withdraw was rejected.[103]
A Jewish rally in Kielce, Poland ended in violence after rumors spread of anti-Polish sentiment and speeches were being expressed at the event. Soldiers entered the city theater where the event was being held after the meeting ended, rounding up 300 attendees who remained behind. After searching them for arms, the soldiers handed them over to an angry mob that beat them. Four members of the local Jewish community were killed and several Jewish business and homes were vandalized, but no charges were made against any of the participants.[104]
All military aircraft ended operations, with streamers attached to planes' wings to show no hostile intent. Of the states of the air forces of both the Allies and Central Powers at war's end:
Royal Flying Corps, Royal Naval Air Service, and Royal Air Force in total suffered 16,623 casualties.[106] The RAF still remained the largest in the world with 20,000 aircraft and over 300,000 personnel, but in nine months the service was reduced to 35,000 personnel.[107]
The Aéronautique Militaire of France finished the war with 3,222 aircraft for the front line. However, it had lost 8,500 pilots by war's end.[108]
The Luftstreitkräfte had 2,709 aircraft by war's end but suffered in excess of 15,000 casualties.[109]
The Italian Corpo Aeronautico Militare ("Militaty Aviation Corps") finished the war with a strength of 2,725 aircraft. During the war, 105 Italian factories manufactured airframes, aero engines, and aviation propellers, producing 11,986 airplanes, almost half under license and only 2,208 made entirely of Italian components.[110]
The Finnish all-women paramilitary force during the Finnish Civil War was reorganized as Lotta Svärd, an all-women auxiliary force that grew to 60,000 members by 1930 and 240,000 members during the height of World War II.[112][113]
Red Week – The "Orange Movement" proclaimed supporters of the socialist revolution were in the minority and further attempts at revolution did not come about, ending the campaign.[138]
Battle of Tulgas – American forces led by John Cudahy staged a counterattack against the Red Army and forced them to retreat. In all, the Red Army had 500 casualties and 30 prisoners, while the Allied forces suffered 30 killed and 100 wounded in the battle.[147]
Brazilian president-elect Rodrigues Alves, suffering from influenza, was unable to take office on the scheduled date, and was replaced by Vice President Delfim Moreira.[154]
An Italian royal decree was issued that abolished the criminalization of acts of defeatism [178]
Belgian daily newspaper L'Avenir published its first edition in Namur, Belgium as a replacement for the defunct Catholic daily L'Ami de l'Ordre, which published its last issue the previous day.[179]
Serbian forces occupied much of the Banat Republic in an attempt to secure as much of the region as possible before the upcoming peace talks in Paris.[183]
Swedish steamer ship Per Brahe sank during a storm in Lake Vättern, Sweden, killing all 24 passengers on-board including famed folklore illustrator John Bauer, his wife and fellow artist Ester Ellqvist, and their three-year-old son.[185]
Violence against Jews in the city of Lwów, Galicia intensified as some 500 businesses, homes, and synagogues were looted, vandalized and burned. Polish commanding officer Czesław Mączyński of the Second Polish Republic ordered martial law in the city by the end of the day, although many sources alleged he intentionally delayed it for a day while the violence happened.[195]
The British military governance of Palestine began.[200]
Violence ended in Lwów, Galicia with the arrest of over a thousand people involved in the rioting. Accounts following the violence were confusing, with estimated casualties ranging from 50 to 150 Jewish residents murdered and at least 443 more injured. As a result of the violence, the West Ukrainian People's Republic created a 1,000-man unit composed solely of Ukrainian Jews.[201]
Died:Annie Hall Cudlip, English writer, noted pioneer of the modern romance novel including Theo Leigh, A Passion in Tatters, He Cometh Not, She Said, and Allerton Towers, wife to theologian Pender Hodge Cudlip (b. 1838)
The Spanish flu pandemic ravaged Tonga, killing eight percent of the population, including the country's sitting monarch Queen Takipō.[213]
The Podgorica Assembly ('Great National Assembly of the Serb People in Montenegro') voted for a "union of the people" between the kingdoms of Montenegro and Serbia and for deposition of the exiled King Nicholas.[214]
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