November 23, 1974: Ethiopia's new government executes former leaders Akilu, Endelkachew and Aman, along with 57 other prisoners
November 24, 1974: "Lucy", 3.5 million year old human ancestor, discovered in Africa (photo of cast image in Frankfurt, Germany)November 3, 1974: Hotel fire in South Korea kills 88 people
The white minority government of South Africa granted limited self-government to QwaQwa, a 253-square-mile (660 km2) portion of land bordering the Kingdom of Lesotho, as "homeland" (bantustan) for 180,000 members of the Sotho people.[3] The homeland, which would exist until 1994, was governed during its 20-year existence by Chief Minister Tsiame Kenneth Mopeli and its capital was Witsieshoek (now Phuthaditjhaba).
Baroness Moura Budberg, 82, Russian adventuress and suspected double agent for both the Soviet Union's OGPU secret police and the United Kingdom's MI6 intelligence agency[5]
Chilean-born British stockbroker William Beausire, who had dual citizenship in both the UK and Chile, was kidnapped by the Argentina Federal Police while he was at the Ezeiza International Airport at Buenos Aires, where he was scheduled to board a flight to Paris. Beausire was turned over to the Chilean secret police, the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA), where he was tortured. He was last seen in public on July 2, 1975, and became one of the thousands of "desaparecidos" who disappeared during the Pinochet regime in Chile.[9]
The historic Jagiełło Oak tree in Poland, standing 128 feet (39 m) tall and 210 inches (5,300 mm) in circumference, was blown down in a storm.[citation needed]
An early-morning fire at the Daewang Corner building in the Dongdaemun District of Seoul killed 88 people and injured 35. Firefighters reported that 65 of the victims had been inside the Time Go-Go Club on the building's sixth floor; 13 others had been trapped in their hotel rooms on the seventh floor, and six of them had jumped to their deaths. According to witnesses who were able to escape immediately, employees of the club closed the only exit door to prevent other customers from leaving without paying.[15][16][17][18]
The popular German TV detective series Derrick, starring Horst Tappert as Detective Chief Inspector Stephan Derrick and Fritz Wepper as his assistant, Detective Sergeant Harry Klein, premiered on West Germany's ZDF network for the first of 281 episodes over 25 seasons.[19]
A yes or no election was held in the North African nation of Tunisia for official approval of the re-election of President Habib Bourguiba and the approval of the list of candidates for the 112-member Majlis, as selected by the nation's sole legal political party, the Parti socialiste destourien (PSD).[20] The government reported that almost 97% of registered voters turned out for the election and none of them voted against Borguiba or the PSD candidates.[21]
The U.S. Navy nuclear ballistic missile submarine USS James Madison (SSBN-627) collided with an unidentified Soviet NavyVictor-class nuclear-powered attack submarine, during a dive just after departing from the Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) Refit Site One on Scotland's Holy Loch. No confrontation took place, and no casualties were sustained on the U.S. sub, which was under inspection and repair for a week afterward. Any damage to the Soviet submarine was not revealed by the Soviets.[22]
The first solar-powered airplane, Sunrise I, made its initial flight after being launched in the U.S. by brothers Robert J. Boucher and Roland Boucher, founders of the AstroFlight company, at a dry lake within the Mojave Desert in Camp Irwin, California; Sunrise I had a wingspan of 32 feet (9.8 m) and weighed 27.5 pounds (12.5 kg), with a 400-watt array of solar cells mounted on the wings.[28] The airplane, not yet ready for a human pilot, flew for almost 20 minutes at an altitude of 300 feet (91 m).[29]
In one of the great upsets of boxing, heavyweight Earnie Shavers, who had a record of 46 wins (44 by knockout or TKO) and only 3 losses, lost a unanimous decision to unknown boxer Bob Stallings, who had 21 wins, 24 losses and only four knockouts.[30]
In the United States, the Democratic Party made major gains nationwide in the elections for the U.S. Congress, particularly in the House of Representatives, where the Democrats won a two-thirds majority, with 291 of the 435 seats. The election also brought 93 first-time Representatives. With 34 of the 100 U.S. Senate seats on the ballot, the Democrats gained four formerly Republican seats to increase their majority to 61 to 37.[33][34] Former NASAastronautJohn Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth, was elected to the U.S. Senate for the first time.[35]
Simas Kudirka, who had made an unsuccessful attempt to defect from the Soviet Union to the United States in 1971, arrived in New York along with his wife, his two children and his mother after being allowed to leave Moscow earlier in the day. Kudirka had jumped onto a U.S. Coast Guard ship but then was returned to the custody of the Soviets, who sentenced him to 10 years imprisonment for treason.[37]
Abdellatif Zeroual, 23, Moroccan dissident and official of the Ila al-Amam Marxist group, disappeared after being taken away by a group of plainclothes police.[49]
At least 80 people died in a collision between two passenger trains 43 miles (69 km) west of Cotonou, Dahomey.[50]
The Soviet Union's lunar probe Luna 23 landed on the Moon in the Mare Crisium for the purpose of gathering and returning lunar soil to the Earth. The probe's drill was damaged when Luna 23 tipped over after landing on "unfavorable" terrain.[51][52]
Argentina's President Isabel Perón unexpectedly issued an emergency decree of a "state of siege" in the South American nation in an effort to deal with political violence that had claimed 136 lives during her first 129 days in office. The decree banned all public meetings and allowed any suspected terrorists to be arrested without a court order and held indefinitely without being brought to trial.[53]
Thirty-three inmates at the Long Kesh Prison (later called the "Maze Prison") in Northern Ireland, most of them convicted terrorists of the IRA, attempted to escape through an underground tunnel which they had dug. IRA member Hugh Coney was shot and killed by a guard after emerging outside the walls, and 29 others were captured only a few yards past the prison. The other three were captured within 24 hours.[54]
The President of Bolivia, General Hugo Banzer, personally led the suppression of a rebellion of Bolivian Army troops who had seized control of the cities of Santa Cruz and Montero, according to government radio broadcasts. A radio broadcast from the capital at La Paz said that Banzer flew to Cochabamba, where he rallied loyal paratroopers, then flew with them to the outskirts of Santa Cruz where, "with the aid of planes, air force cadets and loyal troops in Cochabamba and Santa Cruz, Banzer led the march on the rebel-held city and crushed the uprising."[57]
At Cape Canaveral, Florida, NASA held a final dress rehearsal for the Apollo–Soyuz mission, scheduled for launch in July 1975. Many of the technicians who participated in the simulation anticipated losing their jobs once the mission flew.[58]
American pop singer and actress Connie Francis was raped at knife-point in her room at a Howard Johnson's motel in Westbury, New York, after performing at the Westbury Music Fair the previous evening.[65] Francis subsequently sued the motel chain for failing to provide adequate security and reportedly won a $2.5 million judgment,[66] one of the largest such judgments in history, leading to a reform in hotel security. Her rapist was never found.[67]
The original Covent Garden market in London closed after 300 years, with a bell tolling at 11 a.m. to mark the occasion. The Covent Garden had been established in 1671 by King Charles I. The market would reopen the following Monday as the New Covent Garden Market, at a new site 2.5 miles (4.0 km) away.[68][69]
Judge Frank J. Battisti of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio acquitted 8 former members of the Ohio Army National Guard in the May 4, 1970, Kent State shootings, finding that the prosecution had not proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the guardsmen intended to violate protestors' civil rights. Battisti stated in his opinion: "It is vital that state and National Guard officials not regard this decision as authorizing or approving the use of force against demonstrators, whatever the occasion of the issue involved. Such use of force is, and was, deplorable."[70]
The NBC television network broadcast an episode of the police procedural series Police Woman involving a lesbian crime ring. In response to protests from gay rights groups, NBC agreed later in the month not to rebroadcast the episode.[71]
John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan, 39, a member of the House of Lords in the United Kingdom, disappeared the day after the murder of Sandra Rivett, the nanny of his children, at the Lucan family home at 46 Lower Belgrave Street in the wealthy Belgravia district of London.[75] Accused by his estranged wife, Veronica Duncan, of attacking her and of murdering Rivett, Lord Lucan was last seen alive by a friend in Uckfield, East Sussex. Lucan's blood-soaked car was found two days later in Newhaven, East Sussex. Named at an inquest seven months later as Rivett's murderer, Lucan was never located and would be declared legally dead on October 27, 1999.[76]
The fiery collision in Tokyo Bay of the Taiwanese freighter Pacific Ares and the Japanese oil tanker Yuyo Maru killed 33 sailors, all but one of them on the freighter. The Pacific Ares had departed from Kawasaki with cargo for Los Angeles and was 4 miles (6.4 km) out to sea when it encountered the incoming Yuyo Maru. Rescue boats saved 34 survivors, and 19 bodies were found, but 14 other sailors listed as missing were not recovered.[79][80]
Two days after putting down a revolt in Bolivia, President Hugo Banzer suspended the activities of all political parties, labor unions, employer organizations and professional associations and canceled plans for democratic elections until at least 1980. Banzer dismissed his civilian cabinet and formed a new "national reconstruction government", commenting that "Here and now, a new history will begin for Bolivia." The move came after the military leadership of Bolivia, led by Air Force General Oscar Adriazola, informed President Banzer in a memo that the generals were "categorically and definitely not in agreement with holding elections or returning to the parliamentary system while the critical period the country is going through internally is not yet over."[81]
A bomb exploded on the second floor of the Organization of American States headquarters in Washington, D.C. No one was injured.[83] A previously unknown group called "Cuba Movement C-4" claimed responsibility for the bombing, stating its opposition to the Cuban regime of Fidel Castro.[84]
Nine people, ranging in age from 2 to 44 years old, were killed in the crash of a single car when their vehicle broke through a guardrail on Interstate 20 near Longview, Texas, and fell 50 feet (15 m), landing upside down.[85] All of the persons killed were residents of Midwest City, Oklahoma, who were traveling to a family reunion when the driver fell asleep and the car went out of control.[86]
Workmen hose down USS Pegasus on the day before launch
Richard McCoy Jr., 31, an American who had been convicted for the 1972 hijacking of United Airlines Flight 855, and had escaped from the federal prison in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania on August 10, was killed in a shootout with FBI agents who had located him at a house he had been renting in Virginia Beach, Virginia. FBI agents also arrested Melvin Dale Walker, who had escaped from prison with McCoy.[89]
Soviet Head of State Nikolai V. Podgorny said in a speech that any artwork in the Soviet Union that "departed even slightly from the principles of socialist realism" would be considered unacceptable by the Soviet Ministry of Culture. Podgorny's remarks came at a ceremony marking the 150th anniversary of Moscow's Maly Theater.[93]
Haile Selassie, who had been the Emperor of Ethiopia until being deposed from office on September 12 and placed under arrest, was transported by the Republic of Ethiopia's revolutionary council to the National Palace, where he had once maintained offices. Since his arrest, he had been detained in the Ethiopian Army's 4th Division barracks at the quarters reserved for the Division's commanding general. Selassie had lived at the Jubilee Palace in Addis Ababa until his overthrow.[94]
Günter von Drenkmann, 64, German lawyer, president of the "Kammergericht" (West Berlin district court), was murdered on his 64th birthday by a group of men who appeared at his home in Charlottenburg. Judge von Drenkmann was shot four times when he answered his doorbell. Authorities were unable to rule out a link with Holger Meins' death the previous day.[90][97]
A previously unknown subatomic particle, the J/psi meson, was discovered independently by two different groups of researchers. The discovery led to rapid changes in high-energy physics which collectively became known as the "November Revolution".[99]Burton Richter and Samuel C. C. Ting received the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind."[100]
The crime that would lead to the arrest and execution of Pakistan's Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took place after the Nawab judge Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri was shot to death during an apparent attempt to assassinate his son, Pakistan National Assembly representative Ahmad Raza Khan Kasuri. Prime Minister Bhutto would be arrested in 1977 on suspicion of ordering the assassination of Ahmad Kasuri and hanged in 1979.[101]
After more than three months of fighting between the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN, invading from North Vietnam) and the Army of the Republic of Viet Nam (ARVN, defending South Vietnam), and hundreds of deaths on both sides, the Communist PAVN won the Battle of Thuong Duc, but the ARVN was able to prevent the Communists from capturing the South Vietnamese city of Da Nang.[102] South Vietnam would fall to the Communists less than six months later.
The Greek Cypriot President of Cyprus, Glafkos Clerides, and the leader of the Turkish Cypriot community in northern Cyprus, Rauf Denktash, agreed that 1,600 elderly Greek Cypriots in the Turkish zone would be allowed to be transported to the Greek Cypriot zone.[103]
The United Nations General Assembly voted, 91 to 22, to suspend South Africa from participation in participation in Assembly matters for the remainder of the 1974-1975 session.[115] The suspension would remain in effect for almost 20 years until the end of apartheid on June 23, 1994.
Jack Teich, a wealthy 34-year-old U.S. executive and an owner of the Acme Architectural Products company, was kidnapped from his home at Kings Point, New York, and held for captive until a record ransom of $750,000 (worth more than $4.5 million dollars in 2024) was paid for his safe release on November 19.[120][121]
William Flowers, a 19-year-old student at Monmouth College in New Jersey, died of suffocation during a hazing ritual for pledges of the Delta Rho Chapter of the Zeta Beta Taufraternity. The pledges were forced to dig "graves" in beach sand and lie in them, and Flowers' "grave" collapsed in on him. Flowers was the first black student to pledge for Zeta Beta Tau at Monmouth.[122][123] The national fraternity subsequently suspended the Monmouth chapter as a result of the incident.[123]
Member nations of the Organization of American States (OAS), meeting in Quito in Ecuador, voted, 12 to 9, to end the 10-year-long embargo against Cuba, but fell two votes short of the two-thirds majority required by the OAS.[124]
In Paris, the International Energy Agency was formed by representatives of 16 nations— the U.S., the UK, Canada, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Luxembourg, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey— in a cooperative agreement to pool the combined oil supplies of the members in the event of another embargo by oil-producing nations.[141]
Portuguese Army Major General Mário Lemos Pires took office as the last colonial governor of Portuguese Timor, a colonial possession of Portugal since 1702.[142] Granted independence by Portugal in 1975, the area on the island of Timor was quickly annexed by Indonesia.
Jane Lauren Alpert, a former member of the U.S. left-wing terrorist group Weather Underground and a fugitive for four-and-a-half years after posting a bail bond and failing to appear for her sentencing in 1970 for conspiracy to bomb two U.S. government buildings, voluntarily surrendered at the federal prosecutor's office in New York City.[143] She would be released in 1977 after 27 months' imprisonment.
In Egypt, 50 people drowned when an overloaded sailing craft sank in the Nile near the town of Desouk.[150]
Ethiopia's Head of State, General Aman Andom, Chairman of the Derg, angered other Derg members, including Lieutenant Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam, when he sent a message to all military units critical of the Derg government.[citation needed] Andom would be executed eight days later in the Derg's purge of former government and military officials.[151]
Secretariat, the racehorse who had won the American Triple Crown in 1973, became a sire for the first time with the birth of his first foal, which would be named First Secretary.[161][162]
The radio telescope at the Arecibo Observatory on Puerto Rico sent an interstellar radio message towards Messier 13, the Great Globular Cluster in the area of the constellation Hercules in the stellar view from Earth.[168] Transmitted multiple times at irregular intervals, the "Arecibo message" contained 1,679 (73 x 23) bits of binary code with the hope that if it reached another intelligent civilization, scientists would not only see it as evidence of Earth intelligence, but eventually display the message in picture form on a 73-row and 23-column grid.[169] The message will reach its destination around the year 27,000 CE.
Four Egyptian passenger ships entered the Suez Canal, the first commercial vessels to do so since the Six-Day War in 1967.[170]
Serial killer Paul John Knowles, who had murdered 18 people since his escape from jail on July 26, was captured by a civilian in Henry County, Georgia. David Clark, a Vietnam War veteran and hospital maintenance worker, had been on a hunting trip when he encountered Knowles, who was fleeing police, and held him at gunpoint until officers could arrive at the scene.[183] The day before, Knowles had kidnapped and murdered his last two victims, a Florida state trooper and a motorist whom he had taken hostage.[184] Knowles himself would be shot to death on December 18 after attempting to disarm a sheriff.
Napoleon Lechoco, the head of the Filipino Political Action Committee in Washington, D.C., held Eduardo Romualdez, the Ambassador of the Philippines to the United States, hostage at gunpoint for over 10 hours at the Philippine Embassy on Embassy Row, demanding that his 16-year-old son in Manila receive an exit visa. This was believed to be the first time a foreign ambassador was held hostage in the United States. Lechoco released Romualdez and surrendered to police after Philippine PresidentFerdinand Marcos gave assurances that his son could leave the country. Lechoco's son departed the Philippines for the United States on November 19.[189][190]
An explosion killed two members of a team investigating a tunnel in the Korean Demilitarized Zone, U.S. Navy Commander Robert M. Ballinger and a South Korean officer, and injured six other military personnel, five American and one South Korean.[201]
In Birmingham, England, two pubs on New Street were bombed, killing 21 people and injuring 182 others, many of them seriously, in an attack widely believed at the time to be linked to the Provisional Irish Republican Army. At 8:17 in the evening, a time bomb exploded at the Mulberry Bush pub, killing 10 people, two of whom had been walking past the establishment. Ten minutes later, at 8:27, another bomb detonated at the Tavern in the Town and killed 11 others. The bombings were the deadliest terrorist acts in the Britain in the 20th century.[211][212]
The bombings were wrongly blamed on the "Birmingham Six", six men from Northern Ireland who were longtime residents of the city, who were coerced by police abuse into signing confessions to a crime that they had not committed. The six men— Hugh Callaghan, Paddy Joe Hill, Gerry Hunter, Richard McIlkenny, Billy Power and Johnny Walker— would be sentenced to life imprisonment on August 15, 1975, until their convictions were overturned by an appellate court on March 14, 1991.[213] Later, a witness would identify Mick Murray as the organizer of the bombings.[214]
Japan's Ministry of Transport issued its "Ministerial Ordinance for Partial Revision of Safety Standards for Road Transport Vehicles" to require all motor vehicles manufactured in Japan to include a speed chime that would begin ringing if the vehicle exceeded 105 kilometres per hour (65 mph). Under pressure from other car-producing nations, the requirement would be removed in 1986.[216]
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 was enacted by a vote of 89 in favor, 8 against and 37 abstentions. The resolution declared its reaffirmation (after a 1948 resolution) of "the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people in Palestine, including...the right to self-determination without external interference; the right to national independence and sovereignty [and] the inalienable right of the Palestinians to return to their homes and property from which they have been displaced and uprooted." In a separate resolution, the General Assembly granted the Palestine Liberation Organizationobserver status as a representative of the Palestinian people in and around Israel.[223]
Aldo Moro took office as the Prime Minister of Italy. Moro, who had served as Prime Minister from 1963 to 1968, replaced Mariano Rumor, whose government collapsed on October 3 after the ministers could not agree on how to manage a rising inflation rate.[231][232]
Rosemary Lane (stage name for Rosemary Mullican), 61, American actress and singer and one of the Lane Sisters, died of complications of pulmonary obstruction and diabetes.[257]
Japan's Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka announced his resignation after an invesigative committee of Japan's House of Representatives, the Diet, was preparing to call Aki Sato as a witness. Tanaka and Ms. Sato had been having a romantic relationship for many years. The announcement was made by Chief Cabinet Secretary (and future Prime Minister) Noboru Takeshita.[258][259]
In West Germany, teams of agents from the GSG 9 special forces made simultaneous raids targeted at arresting suspected members of the Red Army Faction terror group.[260]
In Punjab, India, about 100 people were injured in a clash between police and 6,000 student demonstrators.[269]
In Moscow, plainclothes agents took Soviet physicist and dissident Andrei Tverdokhlebov, the secretary of the Soviet branch of Amnesty International, into custody as he walked home with a friend from a movie. Agents also searched Tverdokhlebov's apartment.[270] The following day, Tverdokhlebov would issue a statement about the search of his apartment and the confiscation of various items, concluding, "However, they have not yet taken away my fountain pen."[271]
In one of the closest elections in the history of the United States Congress, a recount showed that Democrat John A. Durkin— initially declared to have lost the November 5 race for U.S. Senator for New Hampshire to Republican Louis C. Wyman by 355 votes (110,716 to 110,361)[272]— was found to have actually won the race by 10 votes {110,924 to 110,914).[273][274] Wyman filed an appeal to the state's Ballot Law Commission and on December 24, the second recount would show an even closer election.
Brigadier General Tafari Benti became the new Head of State of Ethiopia after he was named as the Chairman of the Derg, the military council that had executed the prior leader.[278]
Singer John Lennon gave his final live musical performance, appearing at New York's Madison Square Garden as the guest of Elton John. The two musicians appeared together to sing "I Saw Her Standing There".[280][281] According to New York Times critic John Rockwell, "Not that the crowd hadn't given every indication of loving Mr. John and his music. But with Mr. Lennon, there was an electricity that sparked through the crowd long after Mr. Lennon had left the stage."[280]
The first Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act in the United Kingdom was given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II, eight days after the Birmingham pub bombings, hours after the measure passed the House of Commons and the House of Lords.[286][287]
The French National Assembly, after a 30-hour debate that included a speech by Simone Veil, voted 284 to 189 to pass a bill legalizing abortion in France. The French Senate would ratify the bill on December 1, "making France the first nation of Latin and Catholic background to legalize abortion."[288][289]
U.S. President Ford pardoned 8 men convicted of resistance to the Vietnam War and granted conditional clemency to 10 others. Most of the men had been in prison for refusal to enter military service.[290]
The National Guard of El Salvador invaded the town of La Cayetanan, near Tecoluca in the San Vicente Department, then rounded up and executed six peasants who were members of the Federation of Christian Peasants of El Salvador (FECCAS), and arrested another 13 who were not seen again.[291]
General Peng Dehuai, 76, Chinese military leader, former Minister of National Defense for the People's Republic of China (1954 to 1959), died in a prison in Beijing, where he had been imprisoned during the 1966 Cultural Revolution.[293]
During a preliminary race for the following day's Macau Grand Prix, West German driver Dieter Glemser lost control of his car, which ran into the crowd, killing a child and injuring 6 other people.[301]
U.S. Representative Wilbur Mills of Ohio, Chairman of the powerful Ways and Means Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, caused an embarrassing scene when he arrived, intoxicated, at The Pilgrim Theatre in Boston, and walked on the stage where his mistress, Fanne Foxe, was performing as a stripper. The scandal followed an October 7 incident where he and Foxe were stopped by police of the U.S. Park Service while he was drunk. Mills stepped down as the Ways and Means Committee Chairman days later and retired from Congress after choosing not to run for re-election in 1976.[304]
^Biography today : profiles of people of interest to young readers: 2003 annual cumulation. Detroit, Michigan: Omnigraphics. 2003. p. 373. ISBN9780780806429.
^"Rebellion in Military Quelled, Bolivia Says— Banzer Reportedly Took Personal Lead of Loyalist Troops in Crushing Revolt". Los Angeles Times. November 8, 1974. p. I-4.
^"The World". Los Angeles Times. November 11, 1974. p. I-.
^"Haile Selassie Moved to Palace Under Guard— Action Could Mean He Has Made a Deal for Better Conditions or Is Facing Trial". Los Angeles Times. November 12, 1974. p. I-5.
^"The Rest of the World Is Out of Little League World Series— Only Teams From Continental U.S. Now Allowed to Play; Championship Was Won by Taiwan the Last Four Years". Los Angeles Times. November 12, 1974. p. III-1.
^Sullivan, Joseph F. (November 13, 1974). "Hazing Rite 'Burial' Kills Jersey Student". The New York Times. Page 1, columns 1-3; page 89, columns 5-7. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^"Arafat Makes Plea for Palestine State— Offers OliveBranch or Gun at U.N., Urges U.S., Jews to Reject Zionists". Los Angeles Times. November 14, 1974. p. I-1.
^Isayev, Pavel (2004). "Иодко Ромуальд Ромуальдович" [Iodko Romuald Romualdovich]. Строгановка: Императорское центральное Строгановское художественно-промышленное училище, 1825—1918 [Stroganovka: Imperial Central Stroganov Art and Industrial School, 1825–1918] (Biographical dictionary) (in Russian). Vol. 2. Moscow: Labirint. p. 170. OCLC57145724.
^"16 Nations Form Group to Pool Oil Supplies— U.S., Western Allies Set Up Agency That Would Act in Event of a New Arab Boycott". Los Angeles Times. November 16, 1974. p. I-11.
^"Ben West, former Nashville mayor". Obituaries. St. Petersburg Times. November 22, 1974. Page 15-B, column 2. Retrieved 29 December 2023 – via Google News.
^"John Gambling, pioneer in radio". Obituaries. St. Petersburg Times. November 22, 1974. Page 15-B, column 1. Retrieved 29 December 2023 – via Google News.
^Fournier, Louis (1992). Louis Laberge: le syndicalisme, c'est ma vie [Louis Laberge: trade unionism is my life] (in French). Montréal: Amérique. p. 418. ISBN9782890375659.
^Servan-Schreiber, Claude (February 1976). "Simone Veil: 20 Million Frenchwomen Won't Be Wronged". Ms., quoted in Spillar, Katherine, ed. (2023). 50 Years of Ms.: The Best of the Pathfinding Magazine That Ignited a Revolution. Knopf Doubleday. p. 31.
^Stanley, William (2010). The Protection Racket State: Elite Politics, Military Extortion, and Civil War in El Salvador. Temple University Press. pp. 95–96.
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