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((Short description|Form of cloning))
((More citations needed|date=October 2008))
[[File:ECM 2001 Hybridoma System.jpg|thumbnail|BTX ECM 2001 Electrofusion generator used for nuclear transfer applications]]

'''Nuclear transfer''' is a form of [[cloning]].  The step involves removing the [[DNA]] from an [[oocyte]] (unfertilised egg), and injecting the [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] which contains the DNA to be cloned. In rare instances, the newly constructed cell will divide normally, replicating the new DNA while remaining in a [[pluripotent]] state.  If the cloned cells are placed in the uterus of a [[female mammal]], a cloned organism develops to term in rare instances. This is how [[Dolly the Sheep]] and many [[list of animals that have been cloned|other species]] were cloned. Cows are commonly cloned to select those that have the best milk production. On 24 January 2018, two [[monkey]] [[Clone (cell biology)|clones]] were reported to have been created with the technique for the first time.<ref name="CELL-20180124">((cite journal |author=Liu, Zhen|display-authors=etal|title=Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer |date=24 January 2018 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=172|issue=4|pages=881–887.e7|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020 |pmid=29395327|doi-access=free))</ref><ref name="BBC-20180124">((cite news |last=Briggs |first=Helen |title=First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42809445 |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=24 January 2018 ))</ref><ref name="NYT-20180124">((cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/01/24/science/ap-us-sci-cloned-monkeys.html |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 January 2018 ))</ref>

Despite this, the low efficiency of the technique has prompted some researchers, notably [[Ian Wilmut]], creator of [[Dolly (sheep)|Dolly]] the cloned sheep, to abandon it.<ref>Roger Highfield [https://web.archive.org/web/20090730031336/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3314696/Dolly-creator-Prof-Ian-Wilmut-shuns-cloning.html Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning]. The Telegraph. 16 November 2007</ref>

==Tools and reagents==
Nuclear transfer is a delicate process that is a major hurdle in the development of cloning technology.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.pnas.org/misc/classics4.shtml |title=PNAS Classics -- Nuclear Transfer |website=www.pnas.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121085507/http://www.pnas.org/misc/classics4.shtml |archive-date=2003-11-21))</ref> Materials used in this procedure are a microscope, a holding [[pipette]] (small vacuum) to keep the oocyte in place, and a [[micropipette]] (hair-thin needle) capable of extracting the nucleus of a cell using a vacuum.  For some species, such as mouse, a drill is used to pierce the outer layers of the oocyte.

Various chemical reagents are used to increase cloning efficiency. [[Microtubule]] inhibitors, such as [[nocodazole]], are used to arrest the oocyte in [[M phase]], during which its nuclear membrane is dissolved. Chemicals are also used to stimulate oocyte activation.  When applied the membrane is completely dissolved.

==Somatic cell nuclear transfer==
[[Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer]] (SCNT) is the process by which the nucleus of an oocyte (egg cell) is removed and is replaced with the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell (examples include skin, heart, or nerve cell). The two entities fuse to become one and factors in the oocyte cause the somatic nucleus to reprogram to a pluripotent state. The cell contains genetic information identical to the donated somatic cell. After stimulating this cell to begin dividing, in the proper conditions an embryo will develop. Stem cells can be extracted 5–6 days later and used for research.<ref>((Cite journal
 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.006
| title = Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
| journal = Cell
| volume = 153
| issue = 6
| pages = 1228–38
| year = 2013
| last1 = Tachibana | first1 = M. 
| last2 = Amato | first2 = P. 
| last3 = Sparman | first3 = M. 
| last4 = Gutierrez | first4 = N. M. 
| last5 = Tippner-Hedges | first5 = R. 
| last6 = Ma | first6 = H. 
| last7 = Kang | first7 = E. 
| last8 = Fulati | first8 = A. 
| last9 = Lee | first9 = H. S. 
| last10 = Sritanaudomchai | first10 = H. 
| last11 = Masterson | first11 = K. 
| last12 = Larson | first12 = J. 
| last13 = Eaton | first13 = D. 
| last14 = Sadler-Fredd | first14 = K. 
| last15 = Battaglia | first15 = D. 
| last16 = Lee | first16 = D. 
| last17 = Wu | first17 = D. 
| last18 = Jensen | first18 = J. 
| last19 = Patton | first19 = P. 
| last20 = Gokhale | first20 = S. 
| last21 = Stouffer | first21 = R. L. 
| last22 = Wolf | first22 = D. 
| last23 = Mitalipov | first23 = S. | pmid=23683578 | pmc=3772789
))</ref>

==Reprogramming==
Genomic [[reprogramming]] is the key biological process behind nuclear transfer. Currently unidentified reprogramming factors present in oocytes are capable of initiating a cascade of events that can reset the mature, specialized cell back to an undifferentiated, embryonic state.  These factors are thought to be mainly proteins of the nucleus.

==See also==
* [[Induced stem cells]]
* [[Renucleation]]
* [[three-parent baby#Ethics]]

==References==
((reflist))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Cloning]]
[[Category:Developmental biology]]
[[Category:Cell biology]]
[[Category:Stem cells]]
[[Category:Biotechnology]]
[[Category:Induced stem cells]]

[[es:Transferencia nuclear celular]]

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