Gravestone of Indus, a member of the Germanic Bodyguard[1]
The Numerus Batavorum,[2] also called the cohors Germanorum,[3]Germani corporis custodes,[4]Germani corpore custodes,[5]Imperial German Bodyguard[6] or Germanic bodyguard[7] was a personal, imperial guards unit for the Roman emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (30 BC – AD 68) composed of Germanic soldiers. Although the Praetorians may be considered the Roman Emperor's main bodyguard, the Germanic bodyguards were a unit of more personal guards recruited from distant parts of the Empire, so they had no political or personal connections with Rome or the provinces.[8]
The members of the Numerus Batavorum were recruited from the Germanic tribes resident in, or on the borders of, the Roman province of Germania Inferior, with most recruits drawn from the Batavi[11] but also from neighbouring tribes of the Rhine delta region, including the Frisii,[12]Baetasii[13] and Ubii.[14][15] Little is known about their organization; the 500 bodyguards were formed up in five centuries, each century commanded by a centurion. From inscriptions it is known that there existed, as in all Roman cavalry units, the officer rank of decurion. The exact size of the unit, which was at least partially mounted, is also unknown, but is described in ancient sources as a cohort, which in this period normally implied a strength of 500 men or less, similar to a numerus, whose size could vary. Under the Emperor Caligula, the Bodyguard may have consisted of 500 to 1,000 men.[16]
The Germanic Cohort was valued as loyal and reliable.[17] Emperors like Nero trusted the Germani especially because they were not of Roman origin.[18]
The guard was disbanded briefly after the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest,[19] and was finally dissolved by Galba in 68[3] because of its loyalty to Nero (ruled 54–68), whom he had overthrown. The decision caused deep offense to the Batavi, and contributed to the outbreak of the Revolt of the Batavi in the following year.[20] Their indirect successors were the Equites singulares Augusti which were, likewise, mainly recruited from the Germani. They were apparently so similar to the Julio-Claudians' earlier Germanic Bodyguard that they were given the same nickname, the "Batavi".[21]
^National Museum of Rome, Baths of Diocletian, Rome. Inscription: AE1952, 148: Indus / Neronis Claudi / Caesaris Aug(usti) / corpor(is) custos / dec(uria) Secundi / natione Batavus / vix(it) ann(os) XXXVI h(ic) s(itus) e(st) / posuit / Eumenes frater / et heres eius ex collegio / Germanorum "Indus, bodyguard of Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus, of the Second Decuria, of the Batavian nation, [who] lived 36 years, is buried here. [The gravestone] was erected by his brother and heir, Eumenes, from the collegium of the Germanic tribesmen".
^Alexandra W. Busch: Militär in Rom. Militärische und paramilitärische Einheiten im kaiserzeitlichen Stadtbild (= Palilia Vol. 20). Reichert, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 3-89500-706-4, Die Unterkunft der Germani corporis custodes, p. 94
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