Nutrition Education in the United States
National Education and Training (NET) program
In 1969, a recommendation from the White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health stated that nutrition education should be part of school curriculums.[5] It was authorized under the Children Nutrition Act. In 1978, the Nutrition Education and Training (NET) program was created by the USDA, with the purpose of giving grants to help fund nutrition education programs under state educational systems.[5] Funding for the program was targeted towards school children, teachers, parents, and service workers.[6] In its inaugural year, the program was funded with $26 million gradually decreasing to $5 million in 1990.[5] In 1996, NET was restored to temporary status.[7]
Current government oversight
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is tasked with providing nutrition education and establishing dietary guidelines based on current scientific literature.[8] Through many of their programs, children and low-income citizens can access food that otherwise would be unavailable.[8] Two agencies within the USDA that deal with nutrition education are the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) and the Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP).[9] The main objectives of the Food and Nutrition Service are to help reduce the risk of obesity and ensure that hunger is no longer a concern for US citizens through a variety of assistance programs.[9] Some of the programs of the FNS include WIC, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and school meals.[9] The CNPP is responsible for developing dietary guidelines based on scientific evidence and promoting them to consumers through nutrition programs such as MyPlate.[10] Nutrition education complements the USDA's assistance programs and is administered by the FNS. This federally funded nutrition education is based on the guidelines developed by the CNPP.[11]
In addition, the USDA also administers the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) through the National Institute of Food and Agriculture.[11] This program focuses on reaching those in low-income households to address health disparities associated with prevalent societal challenges such as hunger, malnutrition, poverty, and obesity. EFNEP aims to help low-income families improve their nutritional well-being through interactive lessons in a holistic nutrition education approach.[12] The four core content areas within the EFNEP are Diet Quality and Physical Activity, Food Resource Management, Food Safety, and Food Security.[12]
Legislation
The Improving Child Nutrition and Education Act of 2016 was a bill introduced in the United States Congress aimed at enhancing child nutrition programs and education.[13] The key provisions of the bill included expanding access to school meal programs, promoting nutrition education, streamlining administrative processes, and addressing food waste. Overall, the bill sought to improve the health and well-being of children by ensuring they have access to nutritious meals and education about healthy eating habits. [1]
The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 passed by the Obama administration in 2010 included provisions that led to reforms that established minimum requirements that all food and beverages sold on schools' campuses must meet.[14] The new standards include limits on the amount of sugar, sodium, and calories from saturated fat that specific foods may contain per item.[14]
The Public Health Service Act was enacted in 1944 and broadened the scope of the Public Health Service functions.[15] IMPACT (The Improved Nutrition and Physical Activity Act) was a piece of legislation introduced in the Senate in 2005 aimed to amend the Public Health Service Act in reducing obesity among children.[16] It called for a grants to include the identification, treatment, and prevention of eating disorders and obesity.[17]
Examples of government agencies that incorporate nutrition education into their programs, include
- Let's Move, launched by First Lady Michelle Obama in February 2010, this program is a comprehensive learning approach that brings in the all aspects of child health, through the Healthier US School Challenge;[18]
- USDA Food and Nutrition Service, which provides nutrition education materials to children and adults of all ages and nutrition education to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants and applicants;
- USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture through the cooperative extension program Archived 2013-06-12 at the Wayback Machine; and
- MyPyramid.gov, through the Ten Tips Nutrition Education Series.
- MyPlate, a program started through the FDA that helps come up with a personalized diet depending on your age, height, weight, sex, and physical activity.[19]
In school
K-12
Nutrition education programs within schools try to create behaviors that prevent students from potentially becoming obese, developing diabetes and cardiovascular issues, and forming negative emotional issues by educating students on the aspects of a healthy diet, emphasizing the consumption of lower fat dairy options and both fruits and vegetables.[21] Studies support that good nutrition significant contributes to the well-being of children and their learning ability, thus leading to better school performance.[3] As most children eat between one and two of their meals at school, school-based nutrition education programs offer opportunities for students to practice making healthy eating decisions.[21] However, due to influences outside of the school environment such as home, cultural, and social environments, there may be a lack of visible desired behavior changes.[21] The National Center for Health Statistics October 2017 data brief, found that the prevalence of obesity among youth ages 2–19 has increased from 13.9 to 18.5 percent from 1999 to 2016.[22]
College
With eating behaviors, such as missing meals throughout the day and engaging in potentially dangerous self-prescribed weight loss methods, combined with a diet consisting of foods high in sodium, cholesterol and saturated fats, college students' dietary habits can potentially negatively affect their current and future health.[23] A typical college student's diet does not contain enough vitamins, minerals or fiber.[23] Limited in both the consumption of fruit and vegetables, research has shown that enrollment in a university nutrition class, emphasizing the consumption of fruits and vegetables and certain dietary habits that prevent chronic disease, significantly increased the students consumption of fruits and vegetables compared to their baseline consumption levels.[23]