Nymphomyiidae
Temporal range: Cenomanian–Recent
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Infraorder: Nymphomyiomorpha
Family: Nymphomyiidae
Tokunaga, 1932[1]

The Nymphomyiidae are a family of tiny (2 mm) slender, delicate flies (Diptera). Larvae are found among aquatic mosses in small, rapid streams in northern regions of the world, including northeastern North America, Japan, the Himalayas, and eastern Russia. Around a dozen extant species are known, with two fossil species found in amber, extending back to the Mid Cretaceous. Under an alternative classification, they are considered the only living representatives of a separate, suborder called Archidiptera (or Archaediptera) which includes several Triassic fossil members. The family has characteristics associated with the Nematocera as well as the Brachycera. The antennae are shortened as in the Brachycera and these flies are long, having a snout with vestigeal mouthparts, non-differentiated abdominal segments with large cerci. The wings are narrow and hair-fringed and have very weak venation. They are known to form cloud-like swarms in summer and the short-lived non-feeding adults have wings that fracture at the base shortly after mating.[2]

The family Nymphomyiidae has several species which were originally placed in separate genera of their own. Nymphomyia alba, the type species for this family, was discovered in a fast-flowing stream in Japan by Masaaki Tokunaga in 1932. This was followed by Palaeodipteron walkeri described by Ide in Quebec in 1965[3] and Felicitomyia brundini was described from the Himalayas in 1970. Hennig examined the pupal characteristics of Nymphomyia and placed it in the family Psychodidae. Rohdendorf considered Nymphomyia so distinct that he put it in a separate superfamily Nymphomyioidea related to Triassic Dictyodipteridae which are in a suborder Archidiptera. Modern classifications put all the species in a single genus Nymphomyia.[4] Based on larval morphology, the family has been suggested to be close to the Deuterophlebiidae[5] while others place them in a separate infraorder, the Nymphomyiomorpha.[6]

Nymphomyiidae are neotenic, retaining various larval features.[4] They have strap-like wings with a very reduced venation, and the wing margins have long fringes like those of the Thysanoptera. The wings break at the base after mating. The antennae are very reduced. Species in the genus Nymphomyia have atrophied mouthparts. Nymphomyiidae are unusual in that the adults are ventrally holoptic, meaning they possess two eyes that meet on the underside of the head. Adults form large swarms above water. One or two generations may breed in a single year depending on the region and climate.[7]

Nymphomyiidae are thought to be closely related to the extinct Strashilidae from the Jurassic of Asia, which are thought to have had a similar lifestyle.[8]

Species

Currently all species are treated as members of a single genus:[9]

References

  1. ^ Tokunaga M. (1932). "A remarkable dipterous insect from Japan, Nymphomyia alba, gen. et sp. nov". Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses. 13: 559–569.
  2. ^ Saigusa, T.; T. Nakamura; S. Sato (2009). "Insect mist-swarming of Nymphomyia species in Japan" (PDF). Fly Times. 43: 2–8.
  3. ^ Ide, F.P. 1965. A fly of the archaic family Nymphomyiidae (Diptera) from North America. Canadian Entomologist, 97: 496-507.
  4. ^ a b Takemon, Y.; Tanida, K. (1994). "New data on Nymphomyia alba(Diptera: Nymphomyiidae) from Japan with notes on the larvae and the micro‐habitat". Aquatic Insects. 16 (2): 119. doi:10.1080/01650429409361544.
  5. ^ Schneeberg, Katharina; Friedrich, Frank; Courtney, Gregory W.; Wipfler, Benjamin; Beutel, Rolf G. (2012). "The larvae of Nymphomyiidae (Diptera, Insecta) – Ancestral and highly derived?". Arthropod Structure & Development. 41 (3): 293. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2012.01.002.
  6. ^ Pape, Thomas; Blagoderov, Vladimir; Mostovski, Michail B. (2011). "Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758". In Z. Q. Zhang (ed.). Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Magnolia Press. Zootaxa, Vol. 3148. pp. 222–229.
  7. ^ Harper, P.P.; Lauzon, Michel (2012). "Life Cycle of the Nymph Fly Palaeodipteron Walkeri Ide 1965 (Diptera: Nymphomyiidae) in the White Mountains of Southern Québec". The Canadian Entomologist. 121 (7): 603. doi:10.4039/Ent121603-7.
  8. ^ D. Huang; A. Nel; C. Cai; Q. Lin & M. S. Engel (2013). "Amphibious flies and paedomorphism in the Jurassic period". Nature. 495: 94–97. doi:10.1038/nature11898. PMID 23426262.
  9. ^ Courtney, G.W. (1994). "Biosystematics of the Nymphomyiidae (Insecta: Diptera): life history, morphology, and phylogenetic relationships". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 550 (550): 1–41. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.550.Open access icon
  10. ^ Courtney, G. 1998. First records of the Nymphomyiidae (Diptera) in Nepal. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100: 595–597.
  11. ^ Ide, F. P. (2012). "A Fly of the Archaic Family Nymphomyiidae Found in New Brunswick in 1961". The Canadian Entomologist. 96: 119. doi:10.4039/Ent96119-1.
  12. ^ Rüdiger Wagner; Patrick Müller (2020). "The oldest of the rare: A new species of the family Nymphomyiidae (Diptera) from Burmese amber". Zootaxa. 4763 (2): 287–293. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4763.2.11.
  13. ^ Wagner, R.; Hoffeins, C.; Hoffeins, H. W. (2000). "A fossil nymphomyiid (Diptera) from the Baltic and Bitterfeld amber". Systematic Entomology. 25: 115. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2000.025001115.x.
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