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((short description|Heraldic cross and motif))
[[File:Cathar cross.svg|thumb|]]
The '''Occitan cross''' (also called ''cross of Occitania'', ''cross of Languedoc'', ''cross of Toulouse'';<ref>After the coat of arms of the [[counts of Toulouse]].
"The first known Cross of Toulouse is shown on Count Raimond VI's seal, dated from 1211. Then widely used all over Languedoc, the Cross of Toulouse appeared on the municipal arms of Toulouse and the provincial arms of Languedoc in the 14th century. Pierre Saliès (Archistra, December 1994) claims that the Cross of Toulouse is a modification of the Latin Cross, attributed to Count Raimond VI. In 1099, Raimond VI took part to the reconquest of Jerusalem with the Crusaders. As a Crusaders' chief, Raimond would have adapted a cross slightly different from the Latin Cross bore by the low-rank Crusaders. According to this theory, the edges of the arms of the cross were cut into two pieces and curved. To be fixed on a shield, such a cross required twelve rivets. The design would have progressively evolved towards the Cross of Toulouse." (Ivan Sache, 24 April 2003, [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/fr-31-tl.html crwflags.com])</ref> heraldically ''cross [[cleché]], pommetty and voided'') is a [[heraldic cross]], today chiefly used as a symbol of [[Occitania]]. 

The design was probably first used  in the [[coat of arms]] of the [[counts of Forcalquier]] (in modern [[Provence]]), in the 12th century,((cn|date=June 2018)) and by the [[counts of Toulouse]] in their capacity as Marquises of Provence, on 13th century coins and seals. 
It later spread to the other provinces of  Occitania, namely [[Provence]], [[Guyenne]], [[Gascony]], [[Dauphiné]], [[Auvergne (province)|Auvergne]] and [[Limousin (province)|Limousin]].

A yellow Occitan cross on a blood-red background with the seven-armed golden star of the [[Félibrige|Felibritge]] makes up the flag of modern-day Occitania. It can also be found in the emblems of [[Midi-Pyrénées]], [[Languedoc-Roussillon]] and [[Hautes-Alpes]], among many others, as well as in cemeteries and at country crossroads.

The [[blazon]] of the modern emblem is ''gules, a cross cleché'' (or: ''[[cross pattée|pattée]]'') ''pommettée voided or'' ("in a red field, a gold cross 'with keys' (or: 'with paws') and 'with spheres/apples', in outline"; Occitan: ''de golas a la crotz voidada, clechada ''(or ''patèa'')'' e pometada d'aur''),((cn|date=June 2018))  also described as ''[[cross pattée]] botonnée, cross pommettée, cross toulouse'',<ref>Thomas Robson, ''The British Herald'' (1830), [https://books.google.com/books?id=AXIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP36  p. 336].</ref> or ''[[cross fleury]] voided'' (or: ''in skeleton'').<ref>Catherine Lucy Wilhelmina Powlett Duchess of Cleveland, ''The Battle Abbey Roll'' vol. 3 (1889), p. 182.</ref>
In the ''[[Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise]]'', it goes by the name of "Raymondine cross" (''crotz ramondenca'').<ref>''La Cançon de la crosada'', ''laisse'' 109 (v. 2300), ''Per la crotz Ramondenca que contral vent resplant'', see
L. Macé in: Marcus Graham Bull, Catherine Léglu (eds.), ''The World of Eleanor of Aquitaine: Literature and Society in Southern France Between the Eleventh and Thirteenth Centuries'' (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=TXjvB0034DkC&pg=PA152  p. 152].</ref>  

==History==
[[File:Blason Languedoc.svg|thumb|upright|Coat arms of the counts of Toulouse as of the early 16th century.]]
[[File:Carte provence 1125.png|thumb|upright|12th century division of Provence into the [[county of Provence]], [[county of Forcalquier]] and [[marquisat de Provence]].]]
The [[Occitania|Occitan]] cross probably first appears in the coat of arms of the counts of [[Forcalquier]] and then during the reign of [[Raymond V of Toulouse|Raymond V]], count of Toulouse, as a particular description of his official seal dated from 1165 corroborates.((cn|date=June 2018))
It soon spreads across the whole south-western part of today's France and is even spotted in various towns up north throughout the 12th century. Several interpretations have been proposed for the cross, often stressing the symbolic side of it and leaving aside the fact that "[[heraldry]] is not a science of symbols, but one of emblems" (M. Pastoureau((cn|date=June 2018))).

In 1950, Henri Rolland suggested that the origin of the Occitan cross be traced back to the [[marquisate of Provence]], north of the [[Durance]], more precisely the town of [[Venasque]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/fr-31-tl.html|title=Toulouse (Municipality, Haute-Garonne, France)|publisher=crwflags.com))((not in source|date=June 2018))</ref>

In 1966, in the ''L'Auta'' review, Roger Camboulives voices his idea that the Occitan cross derives from a [[sun cross]] and perhaps the [[Nestorian cross]] found in China's [[Turkestan]]. It would have arrived in Toulouse via northern Italy and [[Provence]], probably sometime in the 10th century. Camboulives in 1980  again emphasizes the role played by the [[Visigoth]]s in the presence of small spheres at the end of the arms of the cross: they could represent the twelve houses of the [[zodiac]].((cn|date=June 2018))

In 1986, Jean-Yves Royer (in ''Le Pays de Forcalquier'') claims that the cross was originally from Provence but admits that Henri Rolland's theory was flawed and built around wrong dates. Royer concludes that Rolland possibly mistook the Occitan cross with that of [[Forcalquier]].((cn|date=June 2018)) 
He draws evidence most notably from two crosses carved in the lid of a [[sarcophagus]] found in the small [[Alpes-de-Haute-Provence]] ''[[French commune|commune]]'' of Ganagobie.

[[Air Toulouse]] adopted the Occitan cross as trademark until mid-1990s.

Pierre Saliès in 1994<ref>''Archistra'' magazine,((huh|date=June 2018)) December 1994</ref> once again maintains that the cross is from Toulouse and is the fruit of successive local evolutions, possibly from the [[Jerusalem cross]].

Two years after, in ''L'Auta'' (#612), Jean Rocacher confirms that the Occitan cross "is first the own emblem of the old county of Venasque, later torn between the houses of Toulouse and Forcalquier."

In 2000, Laurent Macé (in ''Les Comtes de Toulouse et leur entourage'') claims that the Occitan cross became the counts' emblem after [[Raymond IV of Toulouse|Raymond IV]] took part in the [[First Crusade]]. It would originate from [[Constantinople]].
Macé indicates that its pattern was first found in the [[Byzantium|Byzantine]] area and spread across [[Western Europe]] through Italy and Provence. The crosses of Venasque and Forcalquier would thus share the same origin, though one was not inspired by the other.

Later in the same year, Bertran de la Farge (in ''La Croix occitane'') locates the original Occitan cross somewhere in the marquisate of Provence, probably Venasque. He argues it could be a mixture of the Constantinople cross and the [[Coptic cross]], which was brought to Provence by monks and maybe also through [[Saint Maurice]].

<gallery>
File:Armorial de Gilles Le Bouvier - BNF Fr4985 f21r.jpg|15th-century depiction of the arms of Toulouse as a voided [[cross potent]].
File:Palazzo mozzi, stemma mozzi.JPG| Late medieval depiction as the coat of arms of the Mozzi family of Florence, in [[Palazzo Mozzi]].
File:LDAM (f. 041) Conde de Tolouse.jpg|Arms of the [[count of Toulouse]] (1509)
File:Armoiries de toulouse.jpg|In the Toulouse city arms (1515)
File:Blason de Toulouse - Porte Bachelier - Cour Henri IV.jpg|Toulouse arms from the time of [[Henry IV of France]] (r. 1572&ndash;1610)
File:Marguerite Delphine de Valbelle.JPG|18th-century depiction in the coat of arms of  Marguerite-Delphine de Valbelle, lady of [[Tourves]] (d.- 1784), as part of the [[Valbelle]] family coat of arms.

</gallery>

[[File:besièrs17march2007.JPG|thumb|upright|A demonstration for Occitania and the [[Occitan language]] in [[Béziers]] on March 17, 2007]]

==Modern uses==
((refimprove|date=June 2018))
[[File:Flag of Occitania (with star).svg|thumb|The modern Occitan cross on the flag of [[Occitania]]]]
The Occitan cross can be found on a number of flags, coats of arms, emblems and logos. Here follows a non-exhaustive list of occurrences:

===Regions and provinces===
* Flag of Languedoc-Roussillon
* Flag and emblem of Midi-Pyrénées
* Flag of the [[Aran Valley]]

===Départements===
* Coat of arms of [[Aude]] and the General Council of Aude
* Coat of arms of [[Gard]]
* Coat of arms of [[Hautes-Alpes]]
* Coat of arms of [[Haute-Garonne]]
* Coat of arms of [[Hérault]]
* Coat of arms of [[Tarn (department)|Tarn]]
* Coat of arms of [[Tarn-et-Garonne]]

===Cities and towns===
[[File:Toulouse-Capitole2.JPG|thumb|''Plaça del Capitòli'', [[Toulouse|Tolosa]] ([[Place du Capitole, Toulouse]])]]

* Coat of arms of [[Ansignan]]
* Coat of arms of [[Buoux]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.vaucluse.fr/uploads/Externe/COM_BLASON_39_1177072888.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018232419/http://www.vaucluse.fr/uploads/Externe/COM_BLASON_39_1177072888.gif |archive-date=2007-10-18 ))</ref>
* Coat of arms of [[Céreste]]
* Coat of arms of [[Colomiers]]
* Coat of arms of [[Fanjeaux]]
* Coat of arms of [[Gigondas]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.vaucluse.fr/uploads/Externe/COM_BLASON_21_1177072888 |title=CG84 Vaucluse - actions sociales, subventions, entreprises et vie en Vaucluse - Conseil général de Vaucluse |access-date=2007-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110721024220/http://www.vaucluse.fr/uploads/Externe/COM_BLASON_21_1177072888 |archive-date=2011-07-21 )) </ref>
* Coat of arms of [[Laissac]]
* Coat of arms of [[Llupia]]
* Coat of arms of [[Méthamis]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.vaucluse.fr/uploads/Externe/COM_BLASON_98_1177072888.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019041135/http://www.vaucluse.fr/uploads/Externe/COM_BLASON_98_1177072888.gif |archive-date=2007-10-19 )) </ref>
* Coat of arms of [[Moissac]]
* Coat of arms of [[Monclar, Lot-et-Garonne|Monclar]] ([[Impalement (heraldry)|impaled]])((what|date=February 2017|reason=Can anyone identify the arms in the dexter part?))
* Coat of arms of [[Port-la-Nouvelle]]
* Coat of arms of [[Saint-Didier, Vaucluse|Saint-Didier]]
* Coat of arms of [[Sévérac-le-Château]]
* Coat of arms of the City of [[Toulouse]] 
* Coat of arms of [[Travaillan]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://vexil.prov.free.fr/aygues/travaillan.gif |title=Data |website=vexil.prov.free.fr |format=GIF))</ref>
* Coat of arms of Venasque<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.vaucluse.fr/Commun/imageselus/com_blason_119_1070549084.gif|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307052105/http://www.vaucluse.fr/Commun/imageselus/com_blason_119_1070549084.gif|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-03-07|title= Data |website=www.vaucluse.fr|format=GIF))</ref>
* Flag of [[Vianne]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/images/f/fr-47-vi.gif|title= Data |website=www.crwflags.com|format=GIF))</ref>
* Coat of arms of [[Villeneuve, Aveyron|Villeneuve-d'Aveyron]]
* Coat of arms of [[Villefranche-de-Lauragais]]
* Coat of arms of [[Villefranche-de-Rouergue]]

===Miscellaneous===
* Logo of [[Toulouse FC]] 
* [[Place du Capitole, Toulouse]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.toulouse.fr/IMG/jpg/art988_2.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-05-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231847/http://www.toulouse.fr/IMG/jpg/art988_2.jpg |archive-date=2007-09-27 )) </ref> ((coord|43.604389|1.443361|format=dms|scale:1000)))
* Coat of arms of [[La Tour d'Auvergne]]
* Street signs in Toulouse
* Roadsigns in Limousin<ref>((Cite web |url=http://ieo.lemosin.free.fr/paneus/p8.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112195941/http://ieo.lemosin.free.fr/paneus/p8.jpg |archive-date=2008-11-12 |url-status=dead ))</ref>
* Sign of the Conseil Interprofessionnel des Vins du Languedoc<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.languedoc-wines.com/|title=L'AOC Languedoc fête ses 30 ans !|work=languedoc-wines.com|access-date=31 December 2016))</ref>

==See also==
((portalbar|Heraldry|France))
*[[Cercelée]]
*[[Cross of Camargue]]
*[[Pisan cross]], a similar figure

== References ==
((reflist))

* ''Les Comtes de Toulouse et leur entourage: Rivalités, alliances et jeux de pouvoir XIIe-XIIIe siècles'' by Laurent Macé (éd. Privat)((year needed|date=June 2018))
* ''La Croix occitane'' by Bertran de la Farge (éd. Loubatières)((year needed|date=June 2018))
* ''Le Pays de Forcalquier'' by Jean-Yves Royer (éd. Équinoxe)((year needed|date=June 2018))

==External links==
((commonscatinline))

((Christian crosses))

[[Category:Cross symbols]]
[[Category:Crosses in heraldry]]
[[Category:Occitania]]
[[Category:Flags of indigenous peoples|Occitania]]
[[Category:Flags with crosses|Occitania]]

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