Occupational cancer is cancer caused by occupational hazards. Several cancers have been directly tied to occupational hazards, including chimney sweeps' carcinoma, mesothelioma, and others.
Occupational exposure to chemicals, dusts, radiation, and certain industrial processes have been tied to occupational cancer. Exposure to cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens) may cause mutations that allow cells to grow out of control, causing cancer. Carcinogens in the workplace may include chemicals like anilines, chromates, dinitrotoluenes, arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, cadmium compounds, and nickel compounds.[1] Dusts that can cause cancer leather or wood dusts, asbestos,[2] crystalline forms of silica, coal tar pitch volatiles, coke oven emissions, diesel exhaust and environmental tobacco smoke.[1] sunlight; radon gas; and industrial, medical, or other exposure to ionizing radiation can all cause cancer in the workplace. Industrial processes associated with cancer include aluminum production; iron and steel founding; and underground mining with exposure to uranium or radon. Shift work, which can disturb the circadian rhythm, has also been identified as a risk factor for some forms of cancer, in particular for breast cancer. [3][4][5]
Other risk factors for cancer include:[6][7][8]
Common cancers and their exposures and occupations include:[2]
| Cancer | Source | Examples of Occupations |
|---|---|---|
| Bladder | Benzidine, beta-naphthylamine,
4-aminobiphenyl, arsenic |
Rubber, leather, paving, roofing,
printing and textile industries; paint/ dyeing products; chimney sweeping; machinists; hairdressers and barbers; truck drivers |
| Kidney | Cadmium, trichloroethylene, herbicides,
wood dust |
Painting; metalworking; petroleum,
plastics, and textile industries |
| Larynx | Asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes | Metal working; petroleum, rubber,
plastics, and textile industries |
| Leukemia | Formaldehyde, benzene, ethylene
oxide, pesticides |
Rubber manufacturing; oil refining;
shoemaking, funeral embalming |
| Liver | Arsenic, vinyl chloride, aflatoxins | Plastic manufacturing |
| Lung | Radon, secondhand smoke, asbestos,
arsenic, cadmium, chromium compounds, diesel exhaust, sulfur mustard |
Rubber manufacturing, paving,
roofing, painting, chimney sweeping, iron and steel foundry work, welding |
| Lymphoma | Benzene, 1, 3-butadiene, ethylene
oxide, herbicides, insecticides |
Rubber manufacturing, painting,
hairdresser or barber |
| Mesothelioma | Asbestos | Mining, railroad, automotive,
plumbing, painting and construction industries; factory workers |
| Nasal cavity and sinus | Mustard gas, nickel dust, chromium
dust, leather dust, wood dust, radium |
Textile and baking industry, flour
milling, nickel refining, furniture and cabinet builders, shoemaking |
| Skin | Arsenic, coal tars, paraffin, certain oils,
sunlight |
Chimney sweeping; outside jobs that
involve a lot of sun exposure |
|
Main article: Firefighter § Cancer |
Firefighters have shown higher rates of certain types of cancer (respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems), and of all cancers combined, when compared to the general U.S. population.[9]
Due to the lack of central and comprehensive sources of data, research on cancer rates amongst firefighters has been challenging.[10][11][12][13] On July 7, 2018, Congress passed the Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 requiring the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to create the National Firefighter Registry designed to collect data on cancer rates among U.S. firefighters.[14][15][16]
An estimated 48,000 cancers are diagnosed yearly in the US that come from occupational causes; this represents approximately 4-10% of total cancer in the United States.[17] It is estimated that 19% of cancers globally are attributed to environmental exposures (including work-related exposures).[18] It is estimated that there are approximately 120,000 work-related cancer cases annually in the EU due to exposure to carcinogens at work.[19]
Many occupational cancers are preventable. Personal protective gear, workplace controls, and worker education can prevent exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. Tobacco smoking has also been shown to increase the risk of work-related cancers; decreasing or abstaining from smoking can decrease cancer risk.[2]
Agencies like the US Food and Drug Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration have developed safety standards and limits for chemical and radiation exposure.[2] International Labour Organization has also adopted Occupation Cancer Convention (C139) in 1979 for improvement of workplace safety conditions.