Hospitalskirken in Trondheim - the oldest octagonal church in Norway. Credit: MahlumWilhelm von Hanno: Trinity Church with its octagonal dome
An octagonal church has an octagonal (eight-sided polygon) architectural plan. The exterior and the interior (the nave) may be shaped as eight-sided polygon with approximately equal sides or only the nave is eight-sided supplemented by choir and porch (or narthex) attached to the octagon. This architectural plan is found in some 70 churches in Norway. Among these Hospitalskirken in Trondheim is the oldest.[1] This type of church plan spread from the Diocese of Nidaros to other parts of Norway. Virtually all octagonal churches in Norway are constructed as log buildings mostly covered by clapboards.[2] Some of the largest churches in Norway are octagonal and the list includes important cultural heritage monuments such as Trinity Church (Oslo), Sør-Fron Church, and Røros Church.[3][4]
This is the bright and solemn church room of classicism, whether it is such a large building [as Røros Church] or the modest rural log churches, the interior is covered and interconnected by cheerful colors of the Roccoco in marbling and ceiling. This was our last independent contribution to ecclesiastical architecture.
Klæbu Church (1790) designed by Lars Forsæth.Floorplan of Zum Friedefürsten Church showing the centrally placed altar (1).
During the Middle Ages, some 1000 wooden stave churches and only 270 stone churches were erected in Norway.[5] During the 15th and 16th centuries, virtually no new churches were built.[6] When church building resumed around the year 1600, most stave churches disappeared and were often replaced by log churches. While in most of Europe, only masonry churches were built, wood construction still dominated in Norway.[5] During the 1600s, the cruciform floor plan tended to replace the traditional simple rectangular "long church". In the cruciform church, the view to the altar is partly obstructed by walls, a drawback that is not found in the octagonal shape. The octagonal shape also allows the pulpit to be the focal point, according to the ideals of the Reformation where the spoken word (the sermon) should be the central act during a worship service. Lorentz Dietrichson believed that the octagonal church became popular because of the rationalism's need for the church as a lecture hall ("auditorium").[7]
In 1686, the first octagonal church in Norway, Vrådal Church, was constructed in Vrådal (in Telemark). It was a log building that replaced a medieval stave church.[8] The Vrådal church apparently did not influence subsequent octagonal buildings in Norway.[7] Inspiration for the first octagonal churches in Trøndelag probably came from elsewhere in Protestant Europe.[7] Some octagonal churches within Lutheranism were erected at the same time in Sweden and Germany for instance Zum Friedefürsten Church in Saxony and Järlåsa Church in Sweden. In the Netherlands, the reformed church in Willemstad, North Brabant, Koepelkerk (Domed Church) (1607), the first Protestant church building in the Netherlands, was given an octagonal shape according to Calvinism's focus on the sermon.[9] The Oostkerk, Middelburg is a domed, octagonal church erected from 1648 to 1667. Johan Christopher Hempel, architect and master builder of Hospitalskirken in Trondheim, was probably from the Netherlands where the octagonally shaped church first appeared and spread to other Protestant countries in Northern Europe. The octagonal floor plan came to Denmark when Frederiksberg Church was built by Dutch Felix Dusart. Dusart used a church in his Dutch hometown as a model. Frederiksberg Church is in turn regarded as the model for the octagonal baroque church (1756) in Rellingen, Schleswig-Holstein.[7] The Rellingen Church, a key baroque monument in Schleswig-Holstein, is shown on the town's coat of arms. The baroque Katharinenkirche in Großenaspe, Schleswig-Holstein, is an octagonal design with "pulpit altar" (″Kanzelaltar″ in German) used for instance in Sør-Fron Church. During the 18th century, both Schleswig-Holstein and Norway were a part of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway. Hosar suggests that Norwegian troops did military service in Schleswig-Holstein, and may have observed the new churches being constructed there at the time.[7]
The octagonal shape provides a more rigid log structure than the simple rectangular long church design, allowing a larger nave to be built. Christie believes that this is why the octagonal design was adopted alongside the cruciform plan.[2][10] Starting in 1810, ten octagonal churches were erected in the rural interior parts of Agder, most of these constructions used Hornnes Church as model.[11]
Virtually all octagonal churches in Norway are built from timber in a log construction, notable exceptions are Sør-Fron Church, Vang Church at Ridabu in Hamar and Røros Church (stone buildings). Trinity Church (Oslo) is the only octagonal church in Norway built in red brick. These masonry buildings are also the largest among the octagonal churches. The octagonal plan creates different angles and accordingly more challenging work for the carpenter compared to buildings with straight angels such as the cruciform plan.[1] The cruciform plan was the dominant church design in Norway when the octagonal plan was introduced. The octagonal plan offers better view of the choir compared to the cruciform plan. The octagonal plan also creates a more rigid wood construction then the simple rectangular plan ("long church" or "hall church") allowing taller and wider buildings with a single room. Håkon Christie believed that these are the reasons the octagonal church became popular in Norway.[2] In the basilica-shaped Samnanger church, the corners of the aisles are cut creating an octagonal plan. This design was chosen to make the walls shorter and avoiding the need to splice logs.[12]
Architects
Until the 19th century, Norwegian churches were often designed and constructed by master builders rather than by professionally trained architects.[13] Johan Christopher Hempel, chief mason and builder of Trondheim, designed the two oldest existing octagonal churches. Master builder and politician Elling Olsson Walbøe designed and constructed at least three octagonal churches.[14] Parish priests were also involved, at least three octagonal churches were designed by their respective pastors (Ulstein Church, Old Stordal Church, and Vang Church). For instance, Abraham Pihl designed the large Vang Church in Ridabu.[15] A large number of churches, including several octagonal, were constructed according to prototypes compiled by Hans Linstow.[16]
Drawing by Grosch
The prominent architect Christian H. Grosch were responsible for a number of churches in Norway, including the basic plan for several octagonal churches, including
Sør-Fron church interior, organ on gallery, beams and trusses supporting roof
During the period from 1750 to 1830, about 230 churches were constructed in Norway. Among these, 35 were octagonal, 62 were long churches (single nave hall church) and 110 were given a cruciform floor plan. During this period, 17 octagonal churches appeared in the Diocese of Nidaros (all Norway north of Dovre). Later, these church designs became popular in the rural Agder.[7]
In addition to the existing churches listed, some octagonal churches were demolished and replaced. Previous octagonal churches (year built-year dismantled), included in statistics:[2]
^ abcEkroll, Øystein (2012). Sunnmørskyrkjene - historie, kunst og arkitektur (in Norwegian). Larsnes, Norge: Bla. ISBN9788293273004.
^ abcdChristie, Håkon (1991). "Kirkebygging i Norge i 1600- og 1700-årene". Årbok for Fortidsminneforeningen (in Norwegian). 145: 177–194.
^"Vil ikke frede Røros kirke" (in Norwegian). NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation). 1 January 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
^ abØstby, Leif (1962). Norges kunsthistorie (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norge: Gyldendal. ISBN9788205091832.
^ abAnker, Peter (1997). Stavkirkene: deres egenart og historie (Cappelens kunstfaglige bibliotek) (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norge: J.W. Cappelens forlag. ISBN9788202159788.
^Vreim, Halvor (1947). Norsk trearkitektur (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norge: Gyldendal.
^ abcdefHosar, Kåre (1988). Sør-Fron kirke. Lokal bakgrunn og impulser utenfra (Magisteravhandling i kunsthistorie (dissertation, history of art) thesis) (in Norwegian). Universitetet i Oslo.
^"Gamlekyrkja". Kviteseid historielag (in Norwegian). Retrieved 4 May 2013.
^Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (1988). Modern perspectives in Western art history. An anthology of twentieth-century writings on the visual arts. Toronto: University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America. p. 318.
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