October 14, 1912: John Schrank shoots Theodore Roosevelt at MilwaukeeOctober 18, 1912: Turkey's war with Italy ended by treatyRooseveltOctober 17, 1912: Turkey's war with Balkan League begins
General Smedley Butler and Colonel Joseph Henry Pendleton of the United States Marine Corps had given Nicaraguan rebel general Benjamín Zeledón an ultimatum to surrender the El Coyotepe fortress by 8:00 am or face bombardment by American artillery and then an invasion. The rebels refused to capitulate, and American shelling began minutes later.[10]
Off the coast of Dover, the collision of the submarine B2 with the Hamburg America Line ship Amerika killed 15 sailors. B2 was part of a flotilla of 13 submarines patrolling four miles from Dover as part of Royal Navy maneuvers, and crossed 60 feet in front of the bow of Amerika, which was moving twice as fast and was unable to stop. Only one man, Lt. Richard I. Pulleyne, survived, swimming upward after the sub broke in two.[14]
Sixteen-year old black teen Ernest Knox and a friend of his were tried and convicted for the rape and murder of 18-year old white teen Sleety Mae Crow, in Forsyth County, Georgia, even though evidence of Knox's confession to the crime may have likely came under duress from local authorities. Both black teens were sentenced to be executed by hanging, bringing an end to most of the immediate racial violence in the county.[16]
The first University of Calgary began classes, with a faculty of three professors. The Alberta provincial legislature would not give the University power to confer degrees, and the University of Alberta did not welcome the competition. As result, the university would close its doors in October 1915.[17]
Carl Stearns Clancy, 22, began his quest to become the first person to take a motorcycle around the world, setting sail from Philadelphia to Dublin. He would complete the job on August 27, 1913, after 18,000 miles.[20]
The New York Highlanders played their final baseball game, ending a seven-game losing streak to defeat the Washington Senators 8–6, and finishing in last place in the American League with 50 wins and 102 losses. In 1913, the team would have a new manager, mostly new players, and a new name, as the New York Yankees.
The second game of the World Series ended with no winner, with the teams tied 6-6 after 11 innings before darkness forced an early end, meaning that the second game would have to be replayed. The Boston Red Sox had won the first game, 4-3.[26]
The Maternity Allowance Act was passed in Australia, granting a "baby bonus" of five pounds to the mother of every child born in the country, except the coverage did not include indigenous mothers and other non-citizens.[28]
The province of Hsikangseng, with a capital at Batang, was created from West Sichuan and Eastern Tibet.[4]
The largest grain elevator in the world opened at the Port of Montreal, more than doubling the capacity of the port. Over the next five years, the amount of grain shipped through Montreal increased more than 25 times.[32]
Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was shot and wounded by a .38 caliber bullet fired by John Flammang Schrank, a New York City saloonkeeper, who was standing at a distance of only 30 feet. The bullet was slowed when it passed through Roosevelt's metal eyeglasses case and the folded, fifty-page manuscript of Roosevelt's prepared speech,[35] but still penetrated three inches into his chest, too close to the heart to be safely removed by surgery.[36] Schrank was tackled by bystanders before he could fire a second shot, and Roosevelt went on to deliver his speech before getting medical treatment.[37] Schrank would be found insane and would spend the rest of his life at a mental hospital in Waupun, Wisconsin, where he would die on September 15, 1943.
Italian and Turkish delegates signed a preliminary peace agreement in Switzerland at Ouchy, with the Italian fleet immediately being recalled from the Aegean Sea and Turkish troops withdrawing three days later from Libya.[41][42]
Turkey declined to reply to the note from the three Balkan states.[4]
Bulgarian pilot Radul Minkov and his observer, Prodan Toprakchiev, performed the first reconnaissance and second bombing from an airplane in history, throwing hand grenades from their Albatros biplane at the railway station of Karaagac near Edirne against Turkey.
Russian explorer Georgy Brusilov and the 24 crewmen of the Svyataya Anna (St. Anna) became trapped in the Arctic ice after sailing into the Kara Sea.[44] At the time, the ship was still close to Russia's Yamal Peninsula and the crew could have escaped to safety, but Brusilov made the decision to wait out the winter.[45]
The Boston Red Sox won the World Series, defeating the New York Giants, 3–2, at Boston. The series had been tied 3-3, and the deciding game was tied 1–1 after nine innings. The Giants had taken a 2–1 lead in the tenth, but then gave up two runs after the Giants' Fred Snodgrass dropped an easy fly ball, Christy Mathewson walked a batter, and Fred Merkle failed to catch a foul ball.[46]
Born: Albino Luciani, Italian priest who reigned as Pope John Paul I for 33 days between his selection and death; in Canale d'Agordo(d. 1978)
October 18, 1912 (Friday)
The Ottoman Empire and Italy signed the First Treaty of Lausanne at the Swiss city of Ouchy at 3:30 pm to end the Italo-Turkish War, with the Empire agreeing to grant independence to Tripolitania and Cyrenaica long enough for the North African provinces to come under Italian control.[52] In return for the cession of Libya, as well as the Dodecanese Islands, Italy paid a sum representing 4 percent of the Ottoman national debt (in consideration of the cost of the war) and allowed the Ottoman Sultan to continue as the Caliph of Libyan Muslims.[53] The Ottoman field commanders were ordered to withdraw their men, despite their feeling that they "were more than sure of their ability to win the war", and transferred Libyan soldiers to Istanbul for military training and an eventual recapture of the territory, a plan which would fail during World War I.[42]
Turkey's Vardar Army engaged in its first major battles against the Balkan League invaders. The Serbian Timok Infantry overcame the Turks at Egri Palanga, and the Bulgarian Second Infantry forced a retreat of the Ottoman 16th Infantry at Kocana, Macedonia. At Bilac, the Ottoman 19th Infantry was able to resist the invading Serbian Morava Infantry.[55]
William Kolehmainen, a brother of Olympic distance runner Hannes Kolehmainen who had abandoned his amateur status, set a world record in the marathon as a professional athlete, running the 26 mile, 385 yard distance in 2 hours, 29 minutes, and 39.2 seconds for the fastest marathon up to that time. The previous mark of 2:32:21 had been held by Hans Holmer. The official (amateur) record at the time was 2:40:32.2, held by Thure Johansson of Sweden.[57]
The Serbian Third Army captured Pristina from the Ottomans, celebrating a return to the city that had been taken by the Turks in 1389.[61]
Peasants in the states of Santa Catarina and Paraná in Brazil began a rebellion and fought with federal troops in what became known as the Contestado War. In the first of the clashes, rebel leader José Maria de Santo Agostinho, sanctified as "São João Maria" by his followers, was killed in action in Santa Catarina at Taquaruçu.[62]
A majority of the American force involved in the military intervention in Nicaragua left the country, except for a force of 100 U.S. Marines who remained in the capital of Managua. In the nearly three-month operation, 37 American servicemen had been killed in action.[64]
Twelve days after becoming trapped in an ice field during the disastrous Brusilov expedition, the crew of the Svyataya Anna lost their chance to escape to safety when winds sent the field drifting northward into the Arctic Ocean, with the ship locked inside. The ship would remain trapped in moving ice for a year and a half, and only two of the sailors would survive.[44] The ship's log would finally be found in July 2010.[74]
An insurgency erupted among ethnic Albanians in the Ottoman-controlled region of Luma when the Serbian Army tried to cross through the area to gain access to the Adriatic Sea.[77]
Theodore Roosevelt delivered his "Farewell Manifesto" to an audience of 16,000 in Madison Square Garden, the last speech of his unsuccessful run for a third term as president.[79]
Born:José Ferrater Mora, Spanish philosopher, noted for promoting extending universal rights to humans and animals as both are part of the same moral sphere; in Barcelona (d. 1991)
^Ellinwood, DeWitt C. (2005). Between Two Worlds: A Rajput Officer in the Indian Army, 1905-21 : Based on the Diary of Amar Singh of Jaipur. University Press of America. p. 188.
^Erik J. Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History (I.B.Tauris, Oct 15, 2004) p. 106
^ abcMax Boot, The Savage Wars Of Peace: Small Wars And The Rise Of American Power (Basic Books, 2003) p. 248
^Lee Bennett Hopkins, Days to Celebrate: A Full Year of Poetry, People, Holidays, History, Fascinating Facts, and More (HarperCollins, 2004) p. 87
^Daniel Eagan, America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry (Continuum International, 2009)
^Freek L. Bakker, The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad (BRILL, 2009) p. 16
^"Submarine Is Sunk by Liner; 15 Lost", New York Times, October 5, 1912, p. 4
^Daniel Marston and Carter Malkasian , Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare (Osprey Publishing, 2008) pp. 67-68; "Nicaraguan Rebel Defeat", New York Times, October 5, 1912
^Donald B. Smith, Calgary's Grand Story: The Making of a Prairie Metropolis from the Viewpoint of Two Heritage Buildings (University of Calgary Press, 2005) pp. 110-113
^Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, ISBN1-55750-432-6, pp. 5-6
^Carl Cavanagh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008) pp. 69-70
^"Proclamation by Nicholas" , New York Times, October 10, 1912
^"11-Inning Tie, 6-6, in Hard-fought Game in Boston" , New York Times, October 10, 1912
^Christopoulos, Georgios; Bastias, Ioannis (1977). Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Εθνους: Νεώτερος Ελληνισμός απο το 1881 ως 1913 [History of the Greek Nation: Modern Greece from 1881 until 1913] (in Greek). Vol. XIV. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. p. 291. ISBN960-213-110-1.
^The Balkan Wars: 1912-13: The War Correspondence of Leon Trotsky (Pathfinder Press, 1980) pp. 453-454
^Willard M. Oliver and Nancy E. Marion, Killing the President: Assassinations, Attempts, and Rumored Attempts on U.S. Commanders-In-Chief (ABC-CLIO, 2010) pp. 80-85
^"The Little Round That Refuses to Die", by David J. LaPell, Gun Digest 2011, p. 118
^"Turkish-Italian Peace Arranged" , New York Times, October 16, 1912
^ abMesut Uyar and Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk (ABC-CLIO, 2009) p. 225
^"Giants Win, 11-4; Bostonians Fear Loss of Series" , New York Times, October 16, 1912
^ abNataliya Marchenko, Russian Arctic Seas: Navigational Conditions and Accidents (Springer, 2012) p. 61
^Valerian Ivanovich Alʹbanov, In the Land of White Death: An Epic Story of Survival in the Siberian Arctic (Random House Digital, 2000, with introduction by David Roberts)
^"Sox Champions on Muffed Fly" , New York Times, October 17, 1912; Timothy M. Gay, Tris Speaker: The Rough-and-Tumble Life of a Baseball Legend (University of Nebraska Press, 2005) pp. 20–21
^*Dunsby, Jonathan. 1992. Schoenberg: Pierrot lunaire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0521387159, p. 22
^Michael J Schiavone (1987) L-Elezzjonijiet F'Malta 1849–1981, Pubblikazzjoni Bugelli, p. 19
^ abEdward J. Erickson, Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003) p. 169
^Randal Gray, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906-1921 (Volume 2) (Naval Institute Press, 1985) p. 390
^"Marathon Record for Kolehmainen", New York Times, October 21, 1912; David E. Martin and Roger W. H. Gynn, The Olympic Marathon (Human Kinetics, 2000) p. 65
^Deniz Bölükbaşı, Turkey And Greece: The Aegean Disputes (Routledge, 2004) p. 26
^Nancy M. Wingfield and Maria Bucur, Gender and War in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe (Indiana University Press, 2006) p. 165
^Silva, Gabriel Ribeiro da; Kunrath, Gabriel Carvalho (2015), "Os caminhos do Monge Joao Maria no planalto meridional Brasileiro", O historiador e as novas tecnologias - reunião de artigos do II Encontro de Pesquisas Históricas - PUCRS: Evento acadêmico - História - Encontro - Pós-graduação - Graduação – PUCRS (in Portuguese), Memorial do Ministério Público do Rio Grande do Sul, p. 1913, ISBN978-85-88802-22-3, retrieved 2016-12-01
^Kargakos, Sarandos (2012). Η Ελλάς κατά τους Βαλκανικούς Πολέμους (1912-1913) [Greece in the Balkan Wars (1912-1913)] (in Greek). Athens: Peritechnon. pp. 114–115. ISBN978-960-8411-26-5.
^Doris Kearns Goodwin, The Bully Pulpit, Chapter 29 (audio version)
