October 18, 1967: Venera 4 becomes first man-made object to land on VenusOctober 9, 1967: Che Guevara executed in BoliviaOctober 3, 1967: USAF Major Knight reaches Mach 6.72 in jet, still the fastest everOctober 26, 1967: Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran holds coronation for himself and his wife
Representatives of the world's communist nations had been invited to a celebration in Beijing to mark the 18th anniversary of the October 1, 1949 takeover of China by the Communists, but China's second-in-command, Lin Biao, gave an address that was described as having "rude anti-Soviet attacks and outbursts against the international communist government." With that, the Soviet guests walked out, and were joined by those from Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia and Poland.[1]
Color television was introduced in France at 2:15 in the afternoon on the ORTF's second channel, La deuxième chaîne, which used the SECAM (Séquentiel couleur àmémoire) technology. Only 1,500 households in France had color televisions at the time; within a year, 200,000 color sets were used in France.[2]
The final day of the regular season in baseball's American League came down to a game between the Boston Red Sox and the Minnesota Twins, who both had 91–70 records after Boston's 6–4 win the day before. The Detroit Tigers were at 90–70 going into their final two games, and could have forced a playoff if they could win both parts of their doubleheader against the California Angels.[3] Boston beat Minnesota, 5–3, in a game that ended at 3:25 in the afternoon Eastern Time, to finish at 92 wins and 70 losses.[4] Eighty minutes later in Detroit, the Tigers had a 91–70 record after a 6–4 win over the Angels, and baseball fans watched to see whether the Tigers could win their last game; unfortunately, the Angels took a five-run lead after five innings, and would hold on for an 8–5 win.[5]
England, Wales and Northern Ireland adopted a judicial procedure that was already in place in Scotland, allowing for jury verdicts by less than a unanimous decision. Thereafter, juries could decide a case by a 10–2 or an 11–1 margin.[8]
As the United States Supreme Court began its new term, Thurgood Marshall joined the court as the Court's first African-American justice.[9] Although a swearing-in ceremony was held, Marshall had already taken the oath of office on September 1.[10] He would serve for 24 terms of the Court, announcing his resignation on June 27, 1991, and would pass away on January 24, 1993.[11]
Frankie Fredericks, track and field athlete, and the only Olympic medalist from Namibia; winner of silver medals in the 100m and 200m races in 1992 and 1996; in Windhoek[13]
The National Assembly of South Vietnam voted, 58 to 43, to approve the results of the September 3 presidential election won by Nguyen Van Thieu.[14]
North Vietnam rejected a proposal by U.S. President Lyndon Johnson to discuss peace. The decision was announced in the Hanoi newspaper Nhan Dan.[15]
United States bombers struck targets in North Vietnam as close as 10 miles (16 km) from Communist China, striking the Loc Dinh highway bridge, the Bao Dang highway bridge 15 miles (24 km) from the frontier, and the Ha Thuoc railroad yards, the northernmost penetration that American bombs had been dropped in Vietnam.[16]
Flying an X-15 experimental aircraft, U.S. Air Force Major William "Pete" Knight made the fastest flight of a powered aircraft, at a speed of Mach 6.72 (4,520 miles (7,270 km) per hour).[17][18] The mark remains unsurpassed.[19]
Carl B. Stokes became the first African-American to win a primary election for mayor of a large American city, defeating incumbent mayor Ralph S. Locher of Cleveland in the Democratic primary.[20] Stokes would win in November against Republican candidate Seth Taft.
The Shag Harbour UFO incident occurred in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia on the tenth anniversary of the Sputnik launch, as "an illuminated object, sixty feet in diameter, descended from the sky and disappeared beneath the waves" in front of numerous witnesses, including a constable of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. A Canadian Coast Guard vessel rushed to the impact point and found a "thick yellow foam" 80 feet wide at the crash site. Acting on the possibility that the object had been a crashing airplane, Canadian Navy divers conducted a four-day search of the harbor for wreckage but found nothing.[23]
The cliché of "a bull in a china shop" was played out literally in the town of Chester, Pennsylvania when three steers escaped from Medford's Inc., a slaughterhouse and meatpacking plant, and "caused a considerable amount of damage to the china and other valuable items in a downtown jewelry store."[24] The three animals raced a few blocks up Market Street (now Avenue of the States) and onto Edgmont Avenue, then charged into the Morris Jewelry Store. No people were injured, but the steers smashed display cases on their way back out.[25]
The formerly German parcel of land Verenahof was officially transferred to Switzerland, along with an equal amount of formerly Swiss land being transferred to Germany.[26]
Pacific Ocean Park, located in Santa Monica, California, was closed down by a bankruptcy trustee. The park had been operating only on weekends during its final months of operation, and its last actual day had been on Sunday, October 1.[28] Nicknamed "P.O.P.", the amusement park had opened in 1958 and had pioneered the concept of allowing visitors to get on rides as often as they wished after paying for admission, which was promoted by using "P.O.P." to stand for "Pay One Price".[29]
Died: USMC Major Clifton C. Williams, Jr., 35, American astronaut, was killed while piloting a T-38 jet plane from Patrick Air Force Base in Florida to the Brookley Air Force Base in Alabama.[30] Major Williams had been one of 14 men chosen for NASA Astronaut Group 3, and would have been the lunar module pilot for Apollo 12 in late 1969. He would be replaced by Alan Bean for the mission.[31]
Three students at Duke University became the first people to be certified as a physician assistant (PA). Kenneth Ferrell, Victor Germino and Richard Scheele, each of whom had been a medical corpsman in the United States Navy, had entered the two-year experimental program in 1965 after the American Medical Association had granted permission to Dr. Eugene Stead to implement the proposal by Dr. Charles Hudson.[32]
The Canadian record for heaviest rainfall in 24 hours was set at the town of Ucluelet, British Columbia, located on the west coast of Vancouver Island, with 489 millimeters (19.25 inches) of precipitation from a downpour that had started the day before.[33]
The government of South Vietnam implemented its new policy toward student protesters by drafting 12 demonstrators into the South Vietnamese Army.[34]
Born:Attila Ambrus, Hungarian folk hero nicknamed "The Whiskey Robber" for his predilection for drinking whiskey before carrying out his heists of banks, post offices and other businesses during a six-year career between 1993 and 1999; in Fitod, Harghita County, Romania
The National Development Council that decided domestic policy in India was reorganized to include the Prime Minister and all cabinet ministers, the Chief Ministers of all states and territories, and members of the Indian planning commission.
The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party issued a directive banning unscheduled, hostile demonstrations against foreigners.[36]
Film actress Elizabeth Taylor escaped death by a matter of seconds while in Sardinia for the filming of the Universal Pictures release Boom!. Taylor had just stepped out of a trailer that served as her dressing room in the hills of the Porto Conte Natural Park, when the vehicle's brakes and safety blocks failed, sending it plunging over a 150-foot high embankment and into the Mediterranean Sea.[37]
Guerrilla leader Che Guevara was captured by the 2nd Battalion of the Bolivian Rangers.[38] Only 17 guerrillas were left when the Rangers surrounded them in the El Yuro Ravine near La Higuera; Guevara ordered his men to split into two groups and attempt to fight their way out. Minutes later, a bullet grazed Guevara's leg and he was unable to run. The distraction from the excitement of his capture allowed the other men to escape.[39]
China's Communist Party and its State Council issued an "urgent circular" directing all government institutions to "send all young intellectuals and others down to work in the villages and up to the mountains, with a permanent assignment to remain in the countryside and spread the revolution and grasp production"; over the next three years, as many as 30,000,000 "educated youth" would be relocated to rural areas.[40]
Che Guevara, who had been captured the day before, was executed following an interrogation at the schoolhouse in the village of La Higuera. In order to avoid the publicity of a trial, Bolivia's President René Barrientos ordered that Guevara be put to death.[43] Army Sergeant Mario Terán carried out the task, shooting Guevara nine times with a semiautomatic rifle, in order to support news that Guevara had been killed in battle.[44][45]
A cyclone struck the Orissa state in India,[46] killing 531 people[47] and leaving almost one million people in the Cuttack and Balasore districts homeless; the storm arrived without warning shortly before noon and continued for more than ten hours.[48] Among the casualties of the flood were 38 people on a Maharashtra State Transport bus that was washed away by floods about five miles outside of Koregaon. The bus had been carrying 60 passengers on a route from Satara to Nimsod when it was washed into a culvert. Only 22 people were pulled to safety, while 14 bodies were recovered and another 24 people were missing.[49]
Thirty-five of the 40 crew on the freighter Panoceanic Faith died after the American ship suddenly sank. Nearly all of the deaths were from hypothermia, because the men on board had time to launch only one life raft before the boat was capsized by 20 foot (6.1 m) waves.[50] The freighter was 870 miles (1,400 km) from Kodiak, Alaska, when its skipper radioed for help. A Japanese ship, the Igaharu Maru picked up two survivors, and the Norwegian ship Visund saved the other three.[51]
Ground control at NASA deliberately crashed the American space probe Lunar Orbiter 3 onto the Moon's surface after eight months in orbit and the sending of more than 600 high resolution photographs of the surface. Rockets were fired on the probe in order to bring it down on the far side of the Moon; two days later, NASA would do the same with Lunar Orbiter 2.[52]
The United States bombed the previously off-limits Can Bi airfield near Haiphong for the first time during the Vietnam War, while other American bombers flew within 15 miles of the Communist Chinese territory to knock out a bridge.[53]
The Outer Space Treaty between the United States, the Soviet Union, and 10 other nations took effect at a ratification ceremony held at the East Room of the White House. U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Secretary of State Dean Rusk signed on behalf of the U.S., while ambassadors from the other nations (including Anatoly Dobrynin for the USSR and Sir Patrick Dean for the UK) signed on behalf of their countries. The parties agreed that they would not place nuclear weapons in space, and pledged to not establish military bases, nor make territorial claims, on the Moon or any other celestial bodies.[54][55]
Egypt's President Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the release of all ministers of the Kingdom of Yemen who had been held in detention since their capture in the North Yemen Civil War.[56]
Died:Bernard Floud, 52, British Member of Parliament for Acton and television executive, committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning in his home after being denied a security clearance by the British intelligence agency, MI5.[57]
The body of Che Guevara was buried in an unmarked grave by the Bolivian Army at the airfield in Vallegrande. Prior to his burial, the hands were severed at the request of the government of Argentina, for comparison of his fingerprints to Argentinian police records to verify his identity. The burial site was then paved over with concrete to build an airport runway.[58] Almost 30 years later, the skeletons of Guevara and five other people would be found on June 28, 1997, in an excavation of the burial site[59] and would be returned to Cuba after being positively identified.[60]
Hamdi Cana'an, the Palestinian mayor of Nablus in the West Bank, requested a special meeting with Israel's Defense Minister Moshe Dayan after three weeks of sanctions against the city in response to its civil disobedience. Since September 22, the Israeli Army had enforced a 14-hour curfew that required everyone to be off of the streets at 5:00 in the afternoon and to remain inside until 7:00 the next morning, and the city telephone system had been shut down, and soldiers carried out searches of homes and businesses. The next day, the Israelis prohibited anyone from entering or leaving Nablus. Mayor Cana'an agreed to call off the month-long boycott by Nablus businesses after Dayan told him that "The choice you have is either orderly life or rebellion, but you should know that if you choose rebellion, we'll have no other option but to break you."[61]
Two days after NASA deliberately crashed Lunar Orbiter 3 onto the Moon's surface, it did the same to Lunar Orbiter 2.[52] A press release from NASA the next day said that its purposeful crash of the two probes had been directed from commands sent from the Langley Research Center at Hampton, Virginia, in order "to free their radio frequencies for future use".[62]
Five of the six expansion teams in the National Hockey League made their debut on the same evening, as the original six NHL teams were reconstituted as the league's Eastern Division, and the six new teams were in the Western Division. In their first games, the Pittsburgh Penguins lost to the Montreal Canadiens, 2–1; the California Seals beat the Philadelphia Flyers, 5–1; and the Minnesota North Stars and the St. Louis Blues played to a 2–2 tie.
Yatuta Chisiza, 41, former Minister of Home Affairs for the southern African nation of Malawi, was shot and killed by government security forces only days after he had re-entered the country to lead a coup against Malawian President Hastings Banda. The next day, the President ordered Chisiza's bullet-riddled body to be placed on public display.[64]
Cyprus Airways Flight 284 crashed into the Mediterranean Sea while on its way from Athens to Nicosia, killing all 66 people on board. The Comet jet had 59 passengers and a crew of seven, was at an altitude of about 29,000 feet and was 13 minutes away from its destination when an explosion sent it plummeting. Falling five miles, the jet struck the water near the Greek island of Kastellorizon.[65] Traces of an explosive were found in one of the seat cushions, suggesting that a bomb had been placed beneath one of the passengers, but no theory for a motive was ever confirmed.[66]
U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk announced during a news conference that Congressional proposals to start a peace initiative would be futile, because of North Vietnam's opposition.
Israeli settlers established their first kibbutz in the Golan Heights territory recently captured from Syria, moving into the abandoned Syrian village of Quneitra to form the Israeli settlement of Merom Golan.
U.S. President Johnson signed Executive Order 11375, expanding affirmative action programs to women in an effort to end gender discrimination within the U.S. government. The Federal Women's Program was established from the order "to enhance opportunities for women in every area of federal employment."[69]
The Royal Navy frigate HMS Brighton arrived at Gibraltar, beginning a permanent presence of British guardships to protect the British territory from harassment by neighboring Spain.[70]
The American Basketball Association, a challenger to the NBA, played its very first game. Willie Porter of the Oakland Oaks scored the first ABA points, and the Oaks went on to a 132–129 win over the Anaheim Amigos at the Oakland Coliseum in front of 4,828 fans.[71][72]
The Catholic University of Portugal was established by the Holy See at the request of the conference of Portuguese Bishops, and would receive governmental recognition on July 15, 1971.[73]
Malawi's President Hastings Banda signed an order banning the operations of the Jehovah's Witnesses within the southern African nation as "an unlawful society dangerous to the good government of Malawi."[74]
Twenty-five people died and 18 were injured when the bus they were in fell into a ravine near Izmir in Turkey.[75]
Born:
Javier Sotomayor, Cuban track and field athlete, and, as the only person in the world who has made a vertical jump of eight feet, holder of the world record for the high jump since 1988; in Limonar
The Holland America Line became the first cruise line to abolish tipping aboard its passenger ships and freighters. The company instead raised the wages of its employees and the cost of a cruise to passengers.[76]
Michigan Governor George Romney publicly responded to an article in the New York Law Journal, which had concluded upon a review of judicial interpretations of the natural-born-citizen clause in the U.S. Constitution, at Article II, section 1. Romney had been born to American parents while they were in Mexico in Chihuahua City. Romney, who was considering a campaign for the Republican Party nomination for president in 1968, said in Detroit, "I didn't do anything to be an American citizen except to be born. I am a citizen naturally born."[78]
Twenty party-goers in the Philippines were killed, and another 40 injured, when the bus they were on fell off of a bridge in the municipality of Catarman, Northern Samar and fell into the Nyyt River. Survivors said that the bus driver, who escaped the bus and fled the scene, had appeared to have been drunk.[79]
"Stop the Draft Week" was launched in front of the induction centers of 30 American cities, by thousands of people protesting against the Vietnam War. At Oakland, 600 demonstrators blocked the entrance of that city's center, including folk singer and activist Joan Baez, who was one of 125 people arrested. At New York City, 300 demonstrators blocked center entrances. Buses brought protesters to Boston, where 70 draft cards were burned and 200 cards turned over to clergymen of the Unitarian Universalist Church.[80] Similar anti-draft protests took place in Los Angeles; Chicago; Washington, D.C.; San Francisco; Philadelphia; Minneapolis; Portland, Oregon; Albany, New York; and Ithaca, New York;,[81] where people either attempted to give their draft cards back to federal authorities, or burned them. According to one account, over 1,000 cards were turned in during the week, and "by the end of the war, 600,000 men had violated the Selective Service laws," with only 3 percent actually prosecuted.[82]
Forty-two people, most of them women who were on a sightseeing tour of Buddhist temples in South Korea, were killed when their bus plummeted off of a 40-foot cliff near Gimcheon (Kimchon). The driver and the other 10 passengers on board were seriously injured.[83][84]
The first "rock musical", Hair, premiered at the theater inside the Astor Library in New York City's East Village. Featuring a "multiracial cast of hippies", and attracting attention with "the full-frontal nudity of the cast" to close one scene, the show combined the music of Galt MacDermot and the lyrics of James Rado and Gerome Ragni, and was sold out for each of its performances during its six-week trial run. It would also become "the first Off-Broadway musical to transfer successfully to Broadway".[85]
Died:Hsuan-t'ung, 61, the last Emperor of China (1908–1912), and the only monarch of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (1932–1945). Known informally as Puyi, he served 14 years in prison as a war criminal, then was pardoned and given a nominal job by the Communist Chinese government as an assistant editor for a party magazine. In that he had no children, his heir as head of the House of Aisin Gioro was his younger brother, Pujie, who would live until 1994.
The Soviet Union's Venera 4 probe became the first craft from Earth to land on Venus. The Soviets initially reported that the probe transmitted signals for 94 minutes as it descended through the Venusian atmosphere, starting at 10:14 a.m. Moscow time (0734 UTC), and continued until a crash landing [88] According to the TASS news agency announcement, the Venus probe only stopped transmitting after it impacted the ground and sent back data that the surface temperature of Venus was 280 °C (536 °F), that the atmospheric pressure was 15 times that of Earth, and that the atmosphere of Venus was composed primarily of carbon dioxide.[89][90] Subsequent reports dropped the claim of transmitting from the surface after scientists worldwide pointed out that some of the metals used in satellite instruments would melt at a 280 degree Celsius temperature, and reports two years later would note that "It is generally agreed that Venus 44 did not reach the surface intact." [91]
Students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison demonstrated over the efforts of Dow Chemical to use the university campus for recruiting new employees; 76 people would be injured in the ensuing riot.[93]
Baseball's American League owners voted to allow the Kansas City Athletics, owned by Charles O. Finley, to relocate to California as the Oakland Athletics starting in 1968, and to expand from ten teams to 12 no later than 1971 by adding a new Kansas City team (the Kansas City Royals) and a team in Seattle (the Seattle Pilots, who would later relocate as the Milwaukee Brewers).[94] According to a later account, the move of any team required two-thirds approval, and only got six of ten votes on the first ballot (with Baltimore against and 3 abstaining), but the New York Yankees added a seventh vote on the next round.[95]
Walt Disney's 19th full-length animated feature The Jungle Book, the last animated film personally supervised by Disney, was released. It would become an enormous box-office and critical success.
Born:Eric Stuart, American voice actor and musician known for his dubbing work of Brock and James in the Pokémon series for its first eight seasons; in Brooklyn[96]
The American Mariner 5 probe made a fly-by of Venus, coming within 2,480 miles (3,990 km) of the planet's surface.[97] The data from the Soviet Union's Venera 4, which had landed the day before, and the United States probe Mariner 5, would be analyzed by a combined team of Soviet and American scientists in the year that followed.[98]
Guilty verdicts were returned against Neshoba County, Mississippi, Deputy Sheriff Cecil R. Price and six other defendants for violations of federal civil rights laws in connection with the 1964 murder of three civil rights workers in Philadelphia, Mississippi. Another eight defendants were acquitted, including Neshoba County Sheriff Lawrence Rainey. The trial was held before an all-white jury in the U.S. District Court in Meridian.[101] The defendants received sentences ranging between three and ten years in prison.[102]
NASA requested that a joint Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)/Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) document be prepared identifying each potential Orbital Workshop (OWS) crew safety hazard, the successful resolution of these hazards, and test result documentation supporting the resolutions. The effort would include the crew safety/health hazards associated with flammability, micrometeoroid penetration, outgassing, and passivation, and would consider propellant, insulation liner, crew quarters thermal curtain, and other nonmetallic material implications.[12]
Frame 352 of the alleged "Bigfoot"
Roger Patterson and Robert Gimlin filmed an unidentified animal near Bluff Creek, California, which has been claimed to be "Bigfoot" or "Sasquatch". The authenticity of the film has been questioned. As one historian notes, "Experts of the time examined the film and found no flaws or evidence of fakery, but in 1999, with improved methods of analysis, suspicions of hoaxing emerged. A small object on the creature's body looks the head of a zip-fastener to what may be a monkey suit."[103][104] Another author notes that "Minutiae of the creature's physiognomy, such as the exact way in which it moves its neck, and its unusual method of distributing its weight as it walked, have led many to conclude that this could not be a man in a suit."[105][106]
October 21, 1967: Antiwar demonstration outside the Pentagon
In a culmination to "Stop the Draft Week", at least 30,000 people protested outside the Pentagon, headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense. Allen Ginsberg, Abbie Hoffman, and Jerry Rubin symbolically chanted to "levitate" the building and to "exorcise the evil within."[107] The Pentagon was defended by 2,500 U.S. Marshals and U.S. Army soldiers, and 174 protesters were arrested.[108] The protest, organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (colloquially known as "the Mobe"), started with a rally at the Lincoln Memorial with "perhaps 100,000 people, followed by a march to the Pentagon across the Arlington Memorial Bridge by about 35,000 people.[109] In the view of one historian, "the protest had restrained the hawks in the administration from more vigorous pursuit of the war, because Johnson began to fear that 'domestic crisis' would mount" and at the same time "rejuvenated the peace movement and brought together almost all its factions."[110] An editorial in The Lewiston Daily Sun asserted that the core of the protest was made up of "Professional troublemakers, many of them Communist agitators".[111]
Forty-seven of the 190 men on board the Israeli destroyer INS Eilat were killed after the ship was struck by three Egyptian Styx missiles and sank.[112] At 5:30 p.m. local time[113] the torpedo boat TP-504, directed by Commander Ahmed Shaker, fired the first missile to hit the Eilat, and TP-501, under the command of Lutfi Jadallah, made hits with two missiles that caused the ship to sink.[114] There were 143 survivors, 91 of whom were wounded. The dead included the Eilat captain, Commander Yitzhak Shoshan.[115] Israel would retaliate three days later by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal.
Died: Ejnar Hertzsprung, 94, Danish astronomer who developed the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram for stellar magnitudes, and determined the distance, in light years, of Cepheid variable stars.
Voters in South Vietnam cast their ballots to fill the nation's 127-member House of Representatives. Turnout was reported at 72.9 percent, and there were almost 1,200 candidates, an average of more than nine contestants for each seat.[116]
Born:
Ulrike Maier, Austrian skier and five-time World Cup winner; in Rauris (killed in competition for the Women's World Cup, 1994)
Charles de Gaulle became the first French Co-Prince of Andorra to visit his Andorran subjects. In addition to being President of France, de Gaulle was joint ruler (along with Spain's Bishop of Urgel) of the tiny nation located in the mountains between France and Spain, pursuant to the 1278 agreement creating the nation.[117] De Gaulle was the eighth French head of state (and co-prince) since 1278 to have the first name "Charles".
West German millionaire Hannsheinz Porst, who had built his fortune as owner of the Photo Porst chain of photography supply shops, was arrested in Nuremberg for espionage. Since 1953, Porst, secretly a member of East Germany's Communist Party Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, had been passing copies of confidential West German documents to the East. On July 8, 1969, Porst would be convicted of espionage and sentenced to an additional 30 months in prison.[118]
A laboratory technician at the Hammermill Paper Company in Lockhaven, Pennsylvania, killed six of his co-workers and wounded five others after an argument with members of his car pool. Leo Held, who was also a member of the county school board, drove to the factory and began shooting with a .38 caliber automatic pistol, then wounded another member of the car pool who worked at the local airport. From there, he returned home, then murdered another co-worker who lived across the street from him. Police captured Held after a shootout with him in his backyard. According to survivors, Held was angry because of an argument a few weeks earlier when other members of the car pool refused to ride with him "because of his dangerous driving habits."[119] Held would die of a pulmonary embolism two days later.[120]
Died:Helen Palmer, 69, American children's book author and wife of Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss); by sodium pentobarbital overdose[121]
U.S. Army Lt. General Lewis B. Hershey, the Director of the Selective Service System, issued the first of two memoranda that would collectively become known as the "Hershey Directive", ordering draft boards nationwide to draft anti-war protesters into the armed services. The October 24 memo directed that a young man who had burned his draft card should be reclassified as Class 1-O for being delinquent. Two days later, Hershey issued a longer memorandum directing that draft-registered protesters, or the persons who encouraged them not to enlist, be reclassified for drafting or prosecution, which would include changing student deferments. "Demonstrations, when they become illegal, have produced and will continue to produce much evidence that relates to the basis for classification," Hershey wrote, adding, "A local board, upon receipt of this information, may reopen the classification of the registrant, classify him anew, and if evidence of violation of the act and regulations is established, also to declare the registrant to be a delinquent and to process him accordingly. This should include all registrants with remaining liability up to 35 years of age." Hershey would say at a November 8 press conference that voiding student deferments for protesters was not a form of protesting dissent because, "I've never felt that going into the service of the United States is a punishment, whether voluntarily or through the draft."[122][123] An injunction against enforcing the directive would be issued by a federal court, and the United States Court of Appeals would rule on June 6, 1969, that draft boards had no right to reclassify any registrants based on protest activities.[124]
Israel retaliated against Egypt for the sinking of the INS Eilat by destroying two major oil refineries that handled 80 percent of Egypt's capability for refining and storing petroleum. The El Nasser Refinery produced 3.5 million tons of oil a year, and the Suez Refinery 2 million, prior to the attack. The refinery at Alexandria, which provided the remaining 1.5 million tons, was not affected.[125]
The Abortion Act 1967 was approved in the British Parliament after the House of Commons gave its assent to amendments made to the original bill by the House of Lords, to take effect six months after royal assent, which would be given two days later.[126]
Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush was appointed as the new Prime Minister of Libya and would make efforts to modernize the bureaucracy and the Libyan armed forces. Al-Bakkoush, who continued to serve as Justice Minister, replaced Abdul Qadir al-Badri, who had been forced to resign after his harsh measures in breaking strikes by oil workers and student protests.[127]
In Arcadia, Florida, all seven children of migrant farm worker James Joseph Richardson, ranging in age from two to eight years old, were fatally poisoned after eating a lunch that had been prepared for them before Richardson went to work.[128] Richardson would spend 22 years in prison after initially being sentenced to the death penalty for the children's deaths, but would be exonerated after evidence was discovered that the children had been poisoned by their babysitter.[129] After being released on April 25, 1989, following evidence of prosecutorial misconduct in the 1967 trial,[130] Richardson would later be paid $1.2 million by the state of Florida for his wrongful imprisonment.[131]
Died:Margaret Ayer Barnes, 81, American playwright and novelist, 1931 Pulitzer Prize winner
The coronation ceremony of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, ruler of the nation since 1941, took place in Tehran on the Shah's 48th birthday. The Shah, who would be overthrown less than a dozen years later, had reportedly vowed that he would not allow himself to be crowned until he could restore Iran to greatness. During the ceremony, he "took his seat on the fabled Peacock Throne and placed on his head an egret-plumed crown containing 3,755 jewels."[132] He then bestowed his 29-year old wife Farah Diba as the Shahbanu with a crown that had "1,469 diamonds and 177 rubies, emeralds and pearls".[133]
U.S. Navy pilot John McCain III was shot down over North Vietnam and taken prisoner.[134] The son of Vice Admiral John S. McCain Jr., Lt. Commander McCain had taken off from USS Oriskany in an A-4 Skyhawk on his 23rd bombing mission, when his plane was struck by an anti-aircraft missile. He ejected over Hanoi, and broke both arms and his right leg in the process, and parachuting into the Truc Bach Lake in the heart of the city, upon landing. Local citizens saved him from drowning by dragging him to the shoreline, and some began to beat him before another citizen intervened.[135] McCain, the son of a U.S. Navy admiral, would be a prisoner of war for more than five years, turning down a chance at being set free early before finally being released on March 15, 1973. He would later be elected a U.S. Senator for Arizona and be the Republican candidate for president in 2008.
Born: Keith Urban, New Zealand-born Australian and American country music singer; in Whangarei
Father Philip Berrigan, a Roman Catholic priest in the St. Peter Claver Church of Baltimore, broke into the city's selective service office and poured blood into 16 file drawers as a protest against the Vietnam War. Berrigan, who was sent to jail, was joined in the attack by Reverend James Mengel of the United Church of Christ, Thomas Lewis and David Eberhardt of the Baltimore Interfaith Peace organization.[136]
The Abortion Act 1967 was given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II, to take effect on April 27, 1968 in order to allow the British Ministry of Health a six-month transition time "to make arrangements in state hospitals" for the new procedures.[137][126][138] The new law would replace an 1801 act that allowed abortions only if the mother's life or her physical health were "gravely endangered". Under the new law, abortions would also be allowed if there was a risk that the child would be born with "physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped"; if the mother's mental health might be injured; or if "any of her existing children might be injured mentally or physically". For the first time, abortions would also be available without cost under the national health care system.[139]
U.S. Air Force Colonel John P. Flynn was taken prisoner when his F-105 Thunderchief fighter was struck by a surface to air missile while he was flying over North Vietnam in wartime. Flynn became the highest-ranking American prisoner of war of the Vietnam War, and would not be liberated from the Hỏa Lò Prison (nicknamed the "Hanoi Hilton"), until his release (along with 107 other prisoners) on March 14, 1973. During his time as a POW, he would be promoted to the rank of brigadier general on May 1, 1971.
The 103-year-old Chamizal dispute between the United States and Mexico was declared at an end in a joint statement by U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Mexican President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz at Ciudad Juarez. Effective on the proclamation, 440 acres (180 ha) or 0.6875 square miles (1.78 square km) of land was ceded from the U.S. to Mexico. On the way to the ceremony, Johnson and Díaz were cheered by at least 200,000 Mexican residents, giving Johnson "a welcome seldom seen by any American President in his own country."[140]
Born: Julia Roberts, American film and television star, winner of the 2000 Academy Award for Best Actress and of an Emmy Award in 2014; in Smyrna, Georgia
Expo 67 closed in Montreal, after having attracted more than 50,306,648 visitors in six months, a record attendance for any world's fair. Canada's Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson declared at the closing ceremonies that the exhibit had been "one of the most imaginative acts of faith in Canadian enterprise and ability ever attempted," and added, "We have discovered that we do have a character and quality of our own, rich and diverse, but Canadian." Despite the record number of visitors, the fair, which opened on April 28, ran a deficit of US$250,000,000.[141]
Oscar Gestido, the President of Uruguay challenged former Uruguayan Treasury Minister Amílcar Vasconcellos to a duel, two days after the former minister had made a speech criticizing the Gestido administration. President Gestido had taken offense at a statement by Vasconcellos that the nation was "governed by a lack of common sense". Uruguay was, at the time, one of the few nations in the world where fighting a duel with deadly weapons was legal, but national law required that the challengers' seconds had to appoint a court of honor to decide whether there were grounds for a duel.[142]
Péter Kun, Hungarian hard rock guitarist; in Pusztaszabolcs (killed in motorcycle accident, 1993)
Died:
Jack McVitie, 35, London criminal known as "Jack the Hat", was murdered by Reggie Kray and Ronnie Kray, the "Kray twins". McVitie had made the mistake of accepting £500 from Ronnie to commit a murder, then bungled the attempt. After McVitie got drunk and made a show of "waving a shotgun and saying he was looking for the twins", word got back to the Krays and they hired two henchmen to bring him to an apartment. McVitie was stabbed beneath his eye with a carving knife and repeatedly in the stomach by Reggie, who then "impaled him through the throat to the floor" and disposed of the body.[143] The murder would be the crime that put the Kray twins (and their brother Charlie, who disposed of the body) in prison.[144]
Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188, launched by the Soviet Union, accomplished the first automated docking and separation of uncrewed spacecraft in orbit, using only transmitted commands from ground controllers. Kosmos 186 had been put into orbit three days earlier, and Kosmos 188 docked with it after its launch.[145][146]
The Constitutional Conference on Equatorial Guinea was convened in Madrid by Spanish and Guinean participants, to discuss three possibilities for the independence of Spain's few African colonies. One was for the island of Fernando Pó (now called Bioko) and the mainland colony of Río Muni to become two separate nations; the second was to allow the colony to become part of the adjacent nation of Cameroon; and the one ultimately chosen was to create a single federal republic in which the island and the mainland would be autonomous provinces.[147]
Hans Bethe, a German-born physicist at Cornell University who had helped develop the hydrogen bomb and protections against radiation hazards, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, while Manfred Eigen, Ronald W. Norrish and George Porter were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[148]
Police in Prague forcibly broke up a protest by university students who were angry about repeated cuts in electric power to their dormitories, located in the city's Strahov district, leading to even more meetings that was reported by the press in Czechoslovakia "with an openness unthinkable even a few months before." Czechoslovakian Communist Party Secretary Antonin Novotny was unable to suppress the anti-government protests because of dissension within the party's Presidium.[149]
Queen Elizabeth II conducted the State Opening of Parliament and informed the members of the House of Lords that their hereditary succession and many of their governmental powers would be eliminated. Reading from a speech written by Prime Minister Harold Wilson, the Queen said "Legislation will be introduced to reduce the powers of the House of Lords and to eliminate its present hereditary basis, thereby enabling it to develop within the framework of a modern parliamentary system.[150][151] Wilson's Labour Party would find strong opposition by the Conservative Party to the reform of the House of Lords, and would proceed no further with the legislation after 18 months. Major reforms would not come until 1999.[152]
Nguyen Van Thieu was sworn into office as the 4th President of South Vietnam. In his inaugural address, President Thieu said, "I will make a direct proposal to the North Vietnamese government to sit down at the conference table" to seek a way of ending the Vietnam War.[153]
^"Negro Victor in Cleveland". Chicago Tribune. October 4, 1967. p. 1.
^"News Briefs— Foreign". Chicago Tribune. October 4, 1967. p. 1.
^"Brunei, Sultanate of", in Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992, by Harris M. Lentz (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1994) p114
^Juanita Rose Violini, Almanac of the Infamous, the Incredible, and the Ignored (Weiser Books, 2009) pp216-217
^"Steers' Foray Into Jeweler's Causes Damage, Lost Sales", Delaware County Daily Times (Chester PA), October 5, 1967, p1
^"3 Bulls Play Role; Invade a China Shop", Chicago Tribune, October 5, 1967, p5
^Chahryar Adle, History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period : from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century (UNESCO, 2005) p225
^"Amusement Park Will Stay Closed", Los Angeles Times, October 6, 1967.
^Dale Samuelson and Wendy Yegoiants, The American Amusement Park (MBI Publishing Company, 2001)
^"Florida Jet Crash Fatal to Astronaut", Chicago Tribune, October 6, 1967, p2
^David Harland, Apollo 12: On the Ocean of Storms (Springer, 2011) p15
^Jessi Rodriguez Ohanesian, The Ultimate Guide to the Physician Assistant Profession (McGraw Hill Professional, 2013) pp1-2
^"Rainfall Extremes", in The Canadian Encyclopedia, ed. by James H. Marsh (McClelland & Stewart, 1999) p1972
^"12 Protesters Drafted into S. Viet Army", Chicago Tribune, October 7, 1967, p5
^"Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of", in Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992, by Harris M. Lentz (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1994) p. 1680
^"Red and Expert: China's 'Foreign Friends' in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution", by Anne-Marie Brady, in China's Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution: Master Narratives and Post-Mao Counternarratives (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) p. 121
^"Trailer Takes Plunge Into Sea, but Not Liz", Chicago Tribune, October 8, 1967, p. 18
^Jonathan C. Brown, Cuba’s Revolutionary World (Harvard University Press, 2017)
^René De La Pedraja, Wars of Latin America, 1948-1982: The Rise of the Guerrillas (McFarland, 2013) pp169-170
^Lowell Dittmer, Liu Shao-ChI and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism (University of California Press, 1982) p282
^"DEMOCRATS NAME CHICAGO— Site Panel Unanimous on 1968 City", Chicago Tribune, October 9, 1967, p1
^James Kirkpatrick Davis, Assault on the Left: The FBI and the Sixties Antiwar Movement (Greenwood Publishing, 1997) p64
^"Guevara, Che", by Marc Becker, in Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice p656
^"Guevara, Ernesto 'Che'", in Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia, by Michael Newton (ABC-CLIO, 2014) p188
^"Bolivia Army Report Says Che Is Slain", Chicago Tribune, October 10, 1967, p1
^"Cyclone, Rains Leave 350 Dead or Lost in India", Chicago Tribune, October 12, 1967, p1
^"531 Killed in Cyclone", Reuters report in Fort Lauderdale (FL) News, October 19, 1967, p1
^"A million homeless", The Indian Express (Madras), October 18, 1967, p1
^"14 killed in bus mishap", The Indian Express, October 11, 1967, p1
^"Ship Sinks Off Alaska; find Bodies", Chicago Tribune, October 10, 1967, p1
^"Shipwreck Toll Feared 35", AP report in Rochester (NY) Democrat and Chronicle, October 12, 1967, p3A
^ abDavid Harland, NASA's Moon Program: Paving the Way for Apollo 11 (Springer, 2010) pp222-228
^"Bomb Viet Air Base First Time— U.S. Removes Restriction; Navy Strikes", Chicago Tribune, October 9, 1967, p1
^"LBJ Offers Russia Space Cooperation", Chicago Tribune, October 11, 1967, p3
^Sean N. Kalic, US Presidents and the Militarization of Space, 1946-1967 (Texas A&M University Press, 2012) p115
^Asher Orkaby, Beyond the Arab Cold War: The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962-68 (Oxford University Press, 2017) p197
^"Labor MP Found Dead in Gas Filled Room", Chicago Tribune, October 11, 1967, p2
^"Guevara, Che", in Historical Dictionary of Terrorism, by Stephen Sloan, with Sean K. Anderson (Scarecrow Press, 2009) p224
^"Has skeleton of Guevara been found?" Deseret News (Salt Lake City, UT), June 29, 1997, pA5
^"Cuba reclaims 'Che' Guevara— Remains of famed guerrilla are identified, turned over by Bolivia", Houston Chronicle, July 13, 1997, p29
^Ahron Bregman, Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories, 1967 to the Present (Pegasus Books, 2015)
^"NASA Causes 2 Orbiters to Hit Moon", Baltimore Sun, October 13, 1967, p3
^"SERIES SHOWDOWN TODAY!", Chicago Tribune, October 12, 1967, p3-1
^"Malawi Chief Displays Body of Arch Enemy", Chicago Tribune, October 15, 1967, p2
^"'Comet' Dives 5 Miles Into Sea; Pick Up 61 Bodies", Chicago Tribune, October 13, 1967, p11
^Keith Eastlake, World Disasters: Tragedies in the Modern Age (Routledge, 2013)
^"GIBSON, CARDINALS CAPTURE SERIES, 7-2", Chicago Tribune, October 13, 1967, p3-1
^"Executive Order 11375", in From Suffrage to the Senate: An Encyclopedia of American Women in Politics, by Suzanne O'Dea Schenken, (ABC-CLIO, 1999) p251
^John Roberts, Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy (Seaforth Publishing, 2009) p81
^Terry Pluto, Loose Balls: The Short, Wild Life of the American Basketball Association (Simon and Schuster, 2011) p87
^"Oakland Wins", Chicago Tribune, October 14, 1967, p2-2
^"Covenantal and non-covenantal cooperation of state and religions in Portugal", by Jose de Sousa e Brito, in Religion and Law in Dialogue: Covenantal and Non-Covenantal Cooperation between State and Religion in Europe (Peeters Publishers, 2006) p162
^"Human Rights, Evangelism, and Proselytism: A Perspective of Jehovah's Witnesses", by Dallin H. Oaks and Lance B. Wickman, in Sharing the Book: Religious Perspectives on the Rights and Wrongs of Proselytism (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2008) p298
^"News Briefs— National", Chicago Tribune, October 15, 1967, p5
^"Bulls Lose to Celtics in Opener", Chicago Tribune, October 15, 1967, p2-6
^"Mexican Birth Can't Rule Me Out: Romney", Chicago Tribune, October 16, 1967, p18
^"Philippine Bus Crash Kills 20", Miami News, October 16, 1967, p8
^"Peaceniks Protest From Coast-to-Coast". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 17, 1967. p. 1.
^"War Protests Are Staged Across U.S.". Detroit Free Press. October 17, 1967. p. 1.
^Scott, Amy (2009). "Patriots for peace; people-to-people diplomacy and the anti-war movement". In Wiest, Andrew; et al. (eds.). New Perspectives on the Vietnam War: Re-examining the Culture and History of a Generation. Routledge. p. 134.
^AP report (October 16, 1967). "Bus Crash Kills 41". The Munster (IN) Times. p. 11C.
^"Bus Plunge Kills 42". Albuquerque Journal. October 17, 1967. p. 2.
^Michelle Nevius and James Nevius, Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City (Simon and Schuster, 2009) p369
^Gerald Astor, Terrible Terry Allen: Combat General of World War II - The Life of an American Soldier (Random House, 2008) pp350-354
^"RUSS PUT RADIO ON VENUS— British Hear Signals After Package Hits", Chicago Tribune, October 18, 1967, p1
^"Venus Signal Quits After Landing: Russ", Chicago Tribune, October 22, 1967, p3-32
^"Spacecraft and Objects Left on Planetary Surfaces", by Robert Gold, in Handbook of Space Engineering, Archaeology, and Heritage, Ann Darrin and Beth L. O'Leary, eds. (CRC Press, 2009) pp411-412
^"Convict 7 in Civil Rights Deaths". Chicago Tribune. October 21, 1967. p. 1.
^Chermak, Steven M.; Bailey, Frankie Y. (2007). Crimes and Trials of the Century: From the Black Sox scandal to the Attica prison riots. ABC-CLIO. p. 258.
^"'67 Bigfoot film a hoax, two researchers allege after studying footage". Houston Chronicle. January 11, 1999. p. A-11.
^Wynkoop, Mary Ann (2017). Dissent in the Heartland, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Sixties at Indiana University. Indiana University Press. p. 53.
^"HURL BACK PENTAGON MOB— Soldiers, Marshals Beat Off Protesters". Chicago Tribune. October 22, 1967. p. 1.
^Hall, Mitchell K. (2011). "March on the Pentagon". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 703–704.
^"Egypt Sinks Warship of Israeli Navy— 2d Vessel Is Hit, Cairo Reports". Chicago Tribune. October 22, 1967. p. 1.
^Stein, Stephen K. (2011). "Eilat Sinking". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 327.
^Aboul-Enein, Youssef (2014). Reconstructing a Shattered Egyptian Army (1967 to 1971): War Minister Gen. Mohamad Fawzi's Memoirs, 1967—1971. Naval Institute Press.
^"EGYPT TO ATTACK: DAYAN— Nasser's Air Arm Rebuilt, Israeli Says". Chicago Tribune. October 23, 1967. p. 1.
^"S. Viet Nam Voters Elect House", Chicago Tribune, October 23, 1967, p6
^"Hershey Explains New Get-Tough Draft Policy", Chicago Tribune, November 9, 1967, p12
^Donald Alexander Downs, Cornell '69: Liberalism and the Crisis of the American University (Cornell University Press, 1999) p39
^"Protesting Ruled Out As Reason to Draft", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 7, 1969, p1
^"Suez Refineries Afire in New Battle", Chicago Tribune, October 25, 1967, p1
^ abJohn Keown, Abortion, Doctors and the Law: Some Aspects of the Legal Regulation of Abortion in England from 1803 to 1982 (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p108
^"Libya", in Heads of States and Governments: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Over 2,300 Leaders, 1945 through 1992, by Harris M. Lentz (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1994) p520
^"Seven Children Dead of Poison", Chicago Tribune, November 1, 1967, p1
^Roger L. Depue, with Susan Schindehette, Between Good and Evil: A Master Profiler's Hunt for Society's Most Violent Predators (Grand Central Publishing, 2005)
^"Dad in Poisoning Case Freed After 21 Years", Deseret News (Salt Lake City, UT), April 26, 1989, A3
^"Scott signs bill for payment to Richardson", Charlotte Sun (Port Charlotte, FL), November 23, 2014, p23
^"Shah of Iran Assumes Throne Amidst Oriental Splendor", Chicago Tribune, October 27, 1967, p1A-14
^Heather Lehr Wagner, Creation of the Modern Middle East: Iran (Infobase Publishing, 2009) pp46-47
^"Navy Chief's Son Captured by Reds", Detroit Free Press, October 27, 1967, p17
^Elaine S. Povich, John Mccain: A Biography (Greenwood Publishing, 2009) p xiii
^"Pour Blood into Files of Draft Board— 4 Protesters Seized; 2 Are Clergymen", Chicago Tribune, October 28, 1967, p1
^"Queen Approves Abortion Law", Reuters report in Shreveport (LA) Times, October 28, 1967, p7
^Colin Francome, Abortion in the USA and the UK (Routledge, 2017)
^"Abortion Reforms Adopted in Britain", New York Times, October 26, 1967, p1
^"Lyndon Says U.S. Will Keep Its Promises— Thousands Hear Mexico Speech", Chicago Tribune, October 29, 1967, p1
^"Expo Closes With Deficit of 250 Million", Chicago Tribune, October 30, 1967, p1
^"Uruguay Chief, Aid Challenge Critic to a Duel", Chicago Tribune, October 30, 1967, p3
^The World's Greatest True Crime Stories, ed. by Colin Wilson, et al. (Barnes & Noble Books, 2004) p82
^Reg Kray, Born Fighter: An Autobiography of Vicious Crime and Life-long Punishment (Random House, 2011) p128
^"2 Russ Spacecraft Linked Without Pilot", Chicago Tribune, October 31, 1967, p8
^Marianne J. Dyson, Space and Astronomy: Decade by Decade (Infobase Publishing, 2014) p182
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