October 2013 North American storm complex
Category 3 "Major" (RSI/NOAA: 9.78)
The storm complex on October 5
TypeWinter storm, Blizzard, Tornado outbreak, Flood
FormedOctober 3, 2013
DissipatedOctober 7, 2013
Highest gust71 mph (114 km/h)[1]
Lowest pressure1000 mb (29.53 inHg)
Tornadoes
confirmed		22
Max. rating1EF4 tornado
Duration of
tornado outbreak2		3 days, 16 hours, 10 minutes
Maximum snowfall
or ice accretion		58 inches (1.5 m) Lead, South Dakota[2]
Fatalities3 fatalities[4]
Damage$100 million[3]
Areas affectedIntermountain West
Midwestern United States

1Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita scale
2Time from first tornado to last tornado

A massive blizzard and tornado outbreak that affected the Northwest, Rockies, and much of the Midwest in early-October 2013. A total of 22 tornadoes were confirmed as the system moved eastward across the eastern half of the United States, including two that were rated EF4. The storm was unofficially named Winter Storm Atlas by The Weather Channel.[5]

Summary of events

On October 3, 2013, the National Weather Service issued a blizzard warning for Rapid City and the Black Hills in advance of the storm urging people to delay or cancel travel plans.[6]

Heavy snowfall trapped over six dozen people inside of their automobiles and tornadoes injured 17 people in Iowa and Nebraska.[7][8] Rapid City, the second largest city in South Dakota, was engulfed in close to two feet of snow, which exceeds the amount of snow that the city has ever recorded during any whole month of October.[9] Furthermore, on October 4, 2013, the city received over 19 inches (48 cm) of snow, which exceeded the previous one day record in October by more than 6 inches (15 cm).[10] Over 20,000 people lost electricity in Black Hills, where more than a meter of watered down, dense snow had fallen. The storm system also included thunderstorms that brought iced precipitation, significant rain and over half a dozen tornadoes to Nebraska and Iowa.[8][11] Two of these tornadoes were violent enough to be rated EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita scale. Over 200 miles (320 km) of Interstate 90 was shut down from South Dakota to Wyoming.[12]

The storm affected about 5,000 ranches in western South Dakota producing snow totals as high as 5 feet (1.5 m) and 70 mph (110 km/h) winds that scattered herds for miles and resulted in the deaths of many cattle due to exhaustion and hypothermia.[13] In a storm South Dakotans called the Cattleman's Blizzard, at least 14,000 cattle, 1300 sheep, 300 horses, and 40 bison were killed with South Dakota ranchers reporting losses of 20 to 50 percent of their herds.[14][15][16] Thousands of people were without power.[17] Three people died in a motor vehicle accident on US 20.[18]

The storm coincided with the United States federal government shutdown of 2013, which limited timely federal response to the disaster.[13]

Confirmed tornadoes

Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
0 10 6 3 1 2 0 22

October 3 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Thursday, October 3, 2013[nb 1]
EF# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
EF2 SW of Hickman to N of Palmyra Lancaster, Otoe NE 40°40′58″N 96°27′49″W / 40.6827°N 96.4637°W / 40.6827; -96.4637 (Hickman (Oct. 3, EF2)) 0308 – 0339 16.5 mi (26.6 km) 300 yd (270 m) Two homes lost large portions of their roofs, and others sustained lesser damage. Trees were downed, and three storage buildings were destroyed. Outbuildings were destroyed and vehicles were moved as well.[19]
EF0 SE of Elmwood Cass NE 40°47′00″N 96°17′38″W / 40.7834°N 96.2938°W / 40.7834; -96.2938 (Elmwood (Oct. 4, EF0)) 0355 – 0409 4.46 mi (7.18 km) 100 yd (91 m) Tornado touched down south-southwest of Elmwood and moved mostly over open country before lifting east of town. A few trees were downed.[20]

October 4 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Friday, October 4, 2013[nb 1]
EF# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
EF0 E of Madison Stanton NE 41°52′06″N 97°20′06″W / 41.8682°N 97.3351°W / 41.8682; -97.3351 (Madison (Oct. 4, EF0)) 2132 – 2142 4.71 mi (7.58 km) 100 yd (91 m) No damage was reported with this tornado as it moved through rural areas southwest of Stanton.[21]
EF2 E of Royal Antelope NE 42°14′46″N 98°05′31″W / 42.246°N 98.092°W / 42.246; -98.092 (Royal (Oct. 4, EF2)) 2148 – 2201 6.64 mi (10.69 km) 264 yd (241 m) A strong tornado touched down south-southeast of Royal and ended just to the east-northeast of town. Several farmsteads were damaged (with outbuildings being the primary structures impacted) and numerous trees and power lines were downed.[22]
EF4 SW of Wayne to NNW of Wakefield Wayne, Dixon NE 42°07′41″N 97°04′37″W / 42.128°N 97.077°W / 42.128; -97.077 (Wayne (Oct. 4, EF4)) 2212 – 2253 18.34 mi (29.52 km) 2,394 yd (2,189 m) A large multiple-vortex tornado, the first EF4 tornado in Nebraska since May 22, 2004, caused substantial damage along its path. Two farmsteads were struck southwest of Wayne, and many sheds and barns were either damaged or destroyed. Two homes in this area sustained EF3-strength damage as well. The tornado moved into the east side of Wayne, causing severe damage to a softball complex, damaging farm equipment at a dealership, and either damaging or completely destroying many large industrial metal buildings at an industrial park, some of which were either badly mangled or completely reduced to rubble. At this point, the tornado had reached its peak intensity, with widespread EF3 damage, and a few pockets of low-end EF4-strength damage were noted. It then directly hit the Wayne Municipal Airport, where two hangars were flattened, leading to the destruction of 15 planes, and the AWOS was shredded and scattered over unknown distances. The tornado then caused EF2 damage to another farmstead before crossing into Dixon County, where it narrowed, weakened, and eventually dissipated after causing roof, window, and siding damage to a few more houses, overturning a camper, and either heavily damaging or destroying a grain bin and numerous farm buildings, as well as farm equipment. Many trees were downed, and crops were flattened along the path. Fifteen people were injured by the tornado including John Dunning, Chief Information Officer of Wayne State College, who was critically injured, but has since recovered. He would have likely died had he stayed in his truck. This tornado caused $50.5 million, mainly in Wayne.[23][24][25] This became the first F4/EF4 tornado in October in the US since the Windsor Locks, Connecticut tornado of 1979, and the first tornado in Nebraska in October since 2001.[26]
EF3 SSE of Creighton to N of Bazile Mills Antelope, Knox NE 42°26′02″N 97°52′54″W / 42.4339°N 97.8817°W / 42.4339; -97.8817 (Creighton (Oct. 4, EF3)) 2220 – 2236 6.43 mi (10.35 km) 590 yd (540 m) This intense tornado touched down just inside Antelope County (to the south-southeast of Creighton) before moving north and into Knox County, where it dissipated 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Creighton. It was initially weak with damage confined to irrigation systems, siding, and shingles. The tornado then strengthened and completely destroyed a building that housed antique trackers (scattering rubble for the equivalent of three city blocks) before hitting the Creighton Municipal Airport, where several buildings were either heavily damaged or destroyed, including three hangars receiving roof, garage, and siding damage and a storage building losing its roof. The airport beacon was blown away as well. The tornado then took a track to the northwest, where a 10,000-bushel grain bin was completely destroyed, and five more irrigation systems where destroyed. Many trees were downed, and power poles snapped at their base as well.[27]
EF2 SW of Macy, NE to E of Bronson, IA Thurston (NE), Monona (IA), Woodbury (IA) NE, IA 42°04′50″N 96°23′10″W / 42.0805°N 96.3861°W / 42.0805; -96.3861 (Macy (Oct. 4, EF2)) 2255 – 2347 26.56 mi (42.74 km) 264 yd (241 m) This long-tracked, strong tornado began southwest of Macy before moving through the town. Six homes in the town were either heavily damaged or destroyed, while twelve more homes and one business sustained minor damage. Numerous vehicles, a center pivot irrigation system, and several buildings at farmsteads were damaged as well. The tornado crossed the Missouri River into Iowa west-northwest of Whiting and continued north-northeastward to the west of Sloan, where it spawned the EF1 satellite tornado listed below. Two buildings were destroyed southeast of Salix and open-air buildings were severely damaged at a dairy farm east of Salix. Other homes and buildings were either severely damaged or destroyed between Salix and Bronson before the tornado lifted just east of Bronson. Many trees and four power poles were downed, and corn crops were flattened along the path. Two people were injured, both in Thurston County.[28]
EF0 ESE of Allen Dixon NE 42°23′39″N 96°44′01″W / 42.3941°N 96.7337°W / 42.3941; -96.7337 (Allen (Oct. 4, EF0)) 2259 – 2301 0.68 mi (1.09 km) 50 yd (46 m) A brief tornado caused no damage.[29]
EF1 W of Sloan Woodbury IA 42°13′14″N 96°15′48″W / 42.2206°N 96.2633°W / 42.2206; -96.2633 (Sloan (Oct. 4, EF1)) 2317 – 2320 1.17 mi (1.88 km) 100 yd (91 m) This was a satellite tornado to the long-tracked EF2 tornado listed above. Trees were downed and farm buildings were either damaged or destroyed.[30]
EF1 NNW of Jackson, NE to SSE of Jefferson, SD Dakota (NE), Union (SD) NE, SD 42°29′30″N 96°35′24″W / 42.4918°N 96.59°W / 42.4918; -96.59 (Jackson (Oct. 4, EF1)) 2325 – 2335 5.89 mi (9.48 km) 400 yd (370 m) A tornado touched down in Dakota County, causing no damage before crossing the Missouri River into South Dakota. It then damaged homes, overturned an irrigation system, and downed many trees in a subdivision west of McCook Lake before dissipating. One of the homes had a collapsed chimney, carport, porch roof, and walls of a garage, and at least four other houses had roof, siding, and/or gutter damage.[31]
EF1 NE of Jefferson, SD Union (SD), Plymouth (IA) SD, IA 42°34′12″N 96°33′22″W / 42.570°N 96.5562°W / 42.570; -96.5562 (Jefferson (Oct. 4, EF1)) 2335 – 2345 6.47 mi (10.41 km) 800 yd (730 m) This tornado touched down south of Jefferson just after the previous tornado lifted, damaging a feedlot before crossing I-29. The roof and gutters of a house and the walls and roof of at least two storage equipment buildings were severely damaged, a road sign was damaged, several grain bins were either blown over or crushed, trees and power poles were downed, and corn crops were flattened. One of the grain bins was wrapped around a house, causing damage to the roof, siding, and gutters of the house. The tornado tracked in total for 3 miles (4.8 km) in South Dakota before crossing the Big Sioux River into Plymouth County, Iowa and lifting 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of Jefferson after causing no damage.[32]
EF4 SW of Climbing Hill to W of Washta Woodbury, Cherokee IA 42°19′55″N 96°06′31″W / 42.3319°N 96.1086°W / 42.3319; -96.1086 (Climbing Hill (Oct. 4, EF4)) 2335 – 0017 24.7 mi (39.8 km) 2,600 yd (2,400 m) This very large, violent tornado tracked northeast through rural Woodbury and Cherokee counties, moving west and north of Climbing Hill, southeast of Moville and Pierson, and northwest of Correctionville before dissipating west of Washta. Numerous houses were either heavily damaged or destroyed, with some losing their entire roofs, having collapse of walls, and being shifted off of their foundations. Many sheds, outbuildings, barns, silos, pieces of farm equipment, and garages were destroyed, and a car was thrown 30 feet (9.1 m). Farm equipment was tossed about 400 yards (370 m) at a farmstead south of Pierson, including a large grain cart that put gouges in a road and had its axle and wheels broken off, and many trees and power lines were downed along the path.[33]
EF1 NW of Hinton Plymouth IA 42°40′33″N 96°26′43″W / 42.6758°N 96.4453°W / 42.6758; -96.4453 (Hinton (Oct. 4, EF1)) 2350 – 2352 1.11 mi (1.79 km) 100 yd (91 m) Farm buildings were damaged, and trees were downed.[34]
EF0 E of Adaville Plymouth IA 42°44′47″N 96°22′53″W / 42.7464°N 96.3815°W / 42.7464; -96.3815 (Adaville (Oct. 4, EF0)) 2355 – 2356 1.28 mi (2.06 km) 50 yd (46 m) A brief tornado downed several trees.[35]
EF0 NNE of Quimby Cherokee IA 42°41′16″N 95°37′19″W / 42.6879°N 95.622°W / 42.6879; -95.622 (Cherokee (Oct. 4, EF0)) 0041 – 0043 0.55 mi (0.89 km) 50 yd (46 m) A brief tornado caused no damage.[36]
EF0 SW of Cherokee Cherokee IA 42°43′00″N 95°35′24″W / 42.7167°N 95.5901°W / 42.7167; -95.5901 (Cherokee (Oct. 4, EF0)) 0046 – 0047 0.4 mi (640 m) 50 yd (46 m) A brief tornado caused no damage.[37]
EF0 NE of Cherokee Cherokee IA 42°50′10″N 95°23′48″W / 42.836°N 95.3967°W / 42.836; -95.3967 (Cherokee (Oct. 4, EF0)) 0118 – 0119 0.34 mi (550 m) 50 yd (46 m) A brief tornado to the east-southeast of Larrabee caused no damage.[38]
EF1 SSW of Alta Buena Vista IA 42°36′12″N 95°21′54″W / 42.6032°N 95.3649°W / 42.6032; -95.3649 (Alta (Oct. 4, EF1)) 0133 – 0142 5.45 mi (8.77 km) 200 yd (180 m) This tornado touched down 5 miles (8.0 km) south-southwest of Alta and ended just outside the south side of town. A few farmsteads were damaged, with a drive-thru garage and several outbuildings suffering significant damage at one farmstead, farm equipment being damaged, a school suffering roof and air conditioning damage, and a baseball complex sustaining considerable damage, including to bleachers.[39]
EF0 NW of Webb Clay IA 42°58′41″N 95°03′27″W / 42.978°N 95.0574°W / 42.978; -95.0574 (Webb (Oct. 4, EF0)) 0147 – 0148 0.71 mi (1.14 km) 100 yd (91 m) A brief tornado to the south-southwest of Gillett Grove downed a few trees.[40]

October 5 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, October 5, 2013[nb 1]
EF# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
EF0 W of Endeavor Marquette WI 43°42′00″N 89°28′37″W / 43.70°N 89.477°W / 43.70; -89.477 (Endeavor (Oct. 5, EF0)) 2323 – 2330 1.78 mi (2.86 km) 50 yd (46 m) Numerous trees were snapped along this tornado's path, including one the fell on and destroyed a vehicle and damaged the roof of a house. Other homes had shingle damage, and a section of metal was peeled off of the roof of a farmhouse. Corn crops were downed, a farm building was damaged, and a boat was moved as well.[41]
EF0 SW of Obion Obion TN 36°14′04″N 89°14′55″W / 36.2344°N 89.2485°W / 36.2344; -89.2485 (Elbridge (Oct. 5, EF0)) 2352 – 2353 0.18 mi (0.29 km) 25 yd (23 m) A brief tornado in an open field just north of the Obion River caused no damage.[42]

October 7 event

List of confirmed tornadoes – Monday, October 7, 2013[nb 1]
EF# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Time (UTC) Path length Max width Summary
EF1 Paramus Bergen NJ 40°55′54″N 74°05′33″W / 40.9317°N 74.0926°W / 40.9317; -74.0926 (Paramus (Oct. 7, EF1)) 1916 – 1918 1.25 mi (2.01 km) 100 yd (91 m) Trees were downed in George Washington Memorial Park (a cemetery) and across adjoining golf courses – the Paramus Golf Course and the Ridgewood Country Club.[43]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency.

References

  1. ^ Kwan-Yin Kong (October 4, 2013). "Storm Summary Number 3 for Northern Rockies and Northern Plains Winter Storm". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  2. ^ John Lee McLaughlin (October 8, 2013). "October 3–5, 2013 Blizzard over northeast Wyoming and western South Dakota". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  3. ^ October 2013 Global Catastrophe Report, Aon, November 2013
  4. ^ Dirk Lammers (October 4, 2013). "Storm Brings Snow, Tornadoes to Great Plains". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  5. ^ Winter Storm Atlas: Snow Totals and Photos from South Dakota, Wyoming and Montana, The Weather Channel, October 15, 2013
  6. ^ Jennifer Gesick (October 3, 2013). "Blizzard warning issued for Rapid City and Black Hills". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  7. ^ Greg McCune (October 5, 2013). "Upper Midwest struck by unusual autumn tornadoes, snowstorm". Reuters. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  8. ^ a b Chet Brokaw (October 5, 2013). "Great Plains digs out of heavy snow, storm debris". WISH-TV. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
  9. ^ Meghan Evans (October 9, 2013). "Blizzard, Tornadoes, Warmth: More Wild Weather on Way for US". AccuWeather. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  10. ^ Ten years on, South Dakota remembers lessons from Winter Storm Atlas, Rapid City Journal, October 3, 2023
  11. ^ Jillian MacMath (October 7, 2013). "PHOTOS: Central US Storm Unleashes Tornadoes, Feet of Snow". Accuweather. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  12. ^ Greg McCune (October 5, 2013). "Upper Midwest struck by unusual autumn tornadoes, snowstorm". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  13. ^ a b Steven Yaccino (October 15, 2013). "South Dakota Ranchers Face Storm's Toll, but U.S.' Helping Hands Are Tied". The New York Times. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  14. ^ Hunhoff, Bernie (October 6, 2014). "The Cattleman's Blizzard". South Dakota Magazine. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  15. ^ Daniel Simmons-Ritchie (October 8, 2013). "Tens of thousands of cattle killed in Friday's blizzard, ranchers say". Rapid City Journal. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  16. ^ Francie Ganje (October 6, 2013). "October blizzard taking a toll on livestock". KBHB Ranch Radio. Archived from the original on October 11, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  17. ^ "Great Plains digs out of heavy snow, storm debris". Morning Journal. Associated Press. October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  18. ^ Kevin Cole (October 6, 2013). "3 Killed in snowy crash were Lincoln, Kansas residents". Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  19. ^ Nebraska Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.Nebraska Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  20. ^ Nebraska Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  21. ^ Nebraska Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  22. ^ Nebraska Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  23. ^ Nebraska Event Report: EF4 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  24. ^ Nebraska Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  25. ^ Wayne, NE EF4 Tornado – October 4, 2013, TornadoTalk
  26. ^ Recap: October Tornadoes Hammer Northeast Nebraska, Northwest Iowa, The Weather Channel, October 31, 2013
  27. ^ Nebraska Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  28. ^ Nebraska Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  29. ^ Nebraska Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  30. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  31. ^ Nebraska Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.South Dakota Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  32. ^ South Dakota Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  33. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF4 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  34. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  35. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  36. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  37. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  38. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  39. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  40. ^ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  41. ^ Wisconsin Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  42. ^ Tennessee Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  43. ^ New Jersey Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
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