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((Short description|Part of the olfactory system))
((More citations needed|date=December 2008))
((Infobox brain
| Name            = Olfactory peduncle
| Latin           = tractus olfactorius
| Image           = Cerebral Gyri - Inferior Surface2.png  
| Caption         = Olfactory peduncle lying in olfactory sulcus and olfactory striae labelled
| Caption2        =
| IsPartOf        =
| Components      =
| Artery          =
| Vein            =
| Acronym         =
|System=[[Olfactory system]]|Function=|Location=[[Brain]]))

The '''olfactory peduncle''' ('''olfactory tract''', '''olfactory stalk''') is a [[Anatomical_terms_of_location#Medial_and_lateral|bilateral]] bundle of [[afferent nerve fiber]]s from the [[Olfactory bulb mitral cell|mitral]] and [[tufted cells]] of the [[olfactory bulb]] that connects to several target regions in the brain, including the [[piriform cortex]], [[amygdala]], and [[entorhinal cortex]].  It is a narrow [[Nerve tract|white band]], triangular on [[coronal section]], the apex being directed upward.

The term olfactory tract is a misnomer, as the olfactory peduncle is actually made up of the juxtaposition of two tracts, the medial olfactory tract (giving the medial and intermediate olfactory stria) and the lateral olfactory tract (giving the lateral and intermediate olfactory stria).<ref name="GDC">De Cannière, G., « The olfactory striae: A historical perspective on the inconsistent anatomy of the bulbar projections », Journal of Anatomy, no 244, 2024, p. 170–183, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13952</ref> However, the existence of the medial olfactory tract (and consequently the medial stria) is controversial in primates (including humans).<ref name="Heimer">Heimer, L., « Olfactory projections to the diencephalon », Int. Conf. Neurobiology of CNS-Hormone Interactions, Chapel Hill: Anatomical Neuroendocrinology, 1974, p. 30–39</ref>

==Structure==
The olfactory peduncle and [[olfactory bulb]] lie in the '''olfactory sulcus'''<ref name="Carpenter">((cite book |last1=Carpenter |first1=Malcolm B. |title=Core text of neuroanatomy |date=1985 |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |location=Baltimore |isbn=0683014552 |page=29 |edition=3rd))</ref> a [[sulcus (neuroanatomy)|sulcus]] formed by the [[medial orbital gyrus]] on the inferior surface of each [[frontal lobe]]. The olfactory peduncles lie in the sulci which run closely parallel to the midline. Fibers of the olfactory peduncle appear to end in the antero-lateral part of the [[olfactory tubercle]], the dorsal and external parts of the [[anterior olfactory nucleus]], the frontal and temporal parts of the [[prepyriform area]], the cortico-medial group of [[Amygdala#Structure|amygdala nuclei]] and the [[Stria terminalis#Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST)|nucleus of the stria terminalis]].<ref>Allison, A. C. (1954). "The secondary olfactory areas in the human brain". Journal of Anatomy, 88 (Pt 4), 481–488.2.</ref>

The olfactory peduncle divides posteriorly into three main branches: the medial, intermediate and lateral striae. The olfactory peduncle thus terminates in a triangular structure called the [[olfactory trigone]]. Caudal to these elements is the [[anterior perforated substance]], the anterior part of which is marked by the relief of the [[olfactory tubercle]]. Finally, projections from the olfactory peduncle to the anterior olfactory nucleus are sometimes grouped together under the name of '''superior olfactory stria'''.<ref name="GDC"></ref>

The terms olfactory tubercle and olfactory trigone are commonly confused in the literature.

===Medial olfactory stria===
The '''medial olfactory stria '''is classically described as running medially behind the [[parolfactory area]] (hence its name) and terminating in the [[subcallosal gyrus]].

However, this description has been rejected for some fifty years.<ref name="Heimer"></ref> The medial olfactory stria is now described as terminating much more medially, in the ventral taenia tecta.<ref name="GDC"></ref>

===Intermediate olfactory stria===
The '''intermediate olfactory stria '''is the branch (or branches) extending from the medial or lateral olfactory striae to the olfactory tubercle and anterior perforated substance. Trolard's term "pectineal formation " is used to refer to multiple intermediate striae extending from the lateral olfactory stria.<ref name="GDC"></ref>

===Lateral olfactory stria===
The '''lateral olfactory stria''' is directed across the lateral part of the anterior perforated substance and then bends abruptly medially toward the [[uncus]] of the [[parahippocampal gyrus]].

==Clinical significance==
Destruction to the olfactory peduncle results in ipsilateral [[anosmia]] (loss of the ability to smell). Anosmia either total or [[Hyposmia|partial]] is a symptom of [[Kallmann syndrome]] a [[genetic disorder]] that results in disruption of the development of the olfactory peduncle.<ref name="Purves">((cite book |last1=Purves |first1=Dale |title=Neuroscience |date=2012 |location=Sunderland, Mass. |isbn=9780878936953 |page=515 |edition=5th))</ref><ref name="US Library of Medicine Genetics Home Reference">((cite web|url=https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/kallmann-syndrome |title=Kallmann syndrome |date=June 26, 2016 |website=Genetics Home Reference. US Library of Medicine |publisher=National Institutes for Health. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information |access-date=November 15, 2021))</ref> The depth of the olfactory sulcus is an indicator of such congenital anosmia.<ref>((cite journal|first1=C. |last1=Huart|first2=T. |last2=Meusel|first3= J.|last3= Gerber|first4=T. |last4=Duprez|first5= P. |last5=Rombaux |first6= T. |last6=Hummel|title=The Depth of the Olfactory Sulcus Is an Indicator of Congenital Anosmia|journal=American Journal of Neuroradiology|volume=32|issue=10|pages=1911–1914|date=November 2011|doi=10.3174/ajnr.A2632|pmid=21868619|pmc=7966015|doi-access=free))</ref>

==Additional images==
<gallery>
File:Gray732.png|Scheme of [[rhinencephalon]]. (Olfactory tract visible at left.)
File:Gray724.png|Base of brain.
File:Gray772.png|Plan of olfactory neurons.
File:Gray729 olfactory sulcus.png|Orbital surface of frontal lobe olfactory sulcus shown in red.
</gallery>

==References==
((Reflist))
((Gray's))

==External links==
* ((cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/cnerves/cn1/cn1_4.html|title=1-4|publisher=[[Yale School of Medicine]]|work=Cranial Nerves|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222022/http://www.yale.edu/cnerves/cn1/cn1_4.html|archive-date=2016-03-03))

((Cranial nerves))
((Olfactory system))
((Cerebral limbic system))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Olfactory system]]

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