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((Short description|1935 protest movement by unemployed workers against the Canadian government))
((More citations needed|date=March 2019))
((About|the 1935 protest|the 2022 protest|Canada convoy protest))
[[Image:Kamloops on to Ottawa.jpg|thumb|Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars in [[Kamloops, British Columbia]]]]

The '''On-to-Ottawa Trek''' was a mass protest movement in Canada in 1935 sparked by unrest among unemployed single men in federal relief camps principally in [[Western Canada]]. Federal relief camps were brought in under Prime Minister [[R. B. Bennett]]’s government as a result of the [[Great Depression in Canada|Great Depression]]. The Great Depression crippled the Canadian economy and left one in nine citizens on relief.<ref name="gallant">((cite book | last=Zuehlke | first=Mark | year=1996 | title=The Gallant Cause: Canadians in the [[Spanish Civil War]], 1936–1939 | publisher=Whitecap Books | location=Vancouver | ISBN =1-55110-488-1))</ref> The relief, however, did not come free; the Bennett government ordered the [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence]] to organize work camps where single unemployed men were used to construct roads and other public works at a rate of twenty cents per day. The men in the relief camps were living in poor conditions with very low wages. The men decided to unite in 1933, led by [[Arthur "Slim" Evans]], an officer of the [[Workers' Unity League]] (WUL).<ref name=":0">((Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/on-to-ottawa-trek|title=On to Ottawa Trek |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=2019-11-22))</ref> The Workers' Unity League helped the men organize the [[Relief Camp Workers' Union]].

A [[Strike action|strike]] was held in December 1934 with the men leaving the various camps and protesting in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]].  After a two-month protest, they returned to the camps after a promise of a government commission to look into their complaints. When a commission was not appointed a second strike was approved by the members and a walkout was called on April 4, 1935.

About 1,000 strikers headed for Ottawa.<ref>((cite book |last = Waiser |first = Bill|year = 2003|title = All Hell Can't Stop Us: The On-to-Ottawa Trek and Regina Riot|publisher = Fifth House|location = Calgary))</ref> The strikers' demands were: 
“(1) that work with wages be instituted at a minimum of 50cents per hour for unskilled workers and trade union rates for skilled labour on the basis of a six-hour day, a five-day week with a minimum of twenty work days per month; 
(2) that all workers in the camps be covered by the [[Workers' compensation|Workmen's Compensation Act]] and that adequate [[first aid]] supplies be carried on the jobs at all times; 
(3) that the National Defence and all military control with the system of blacklisting be abolished; 
(4) that democratically elected committees be recognized in every camp; 
(5) that there be instituted a system of noncontributory unemployment insurance; 
(6) that all workers be given their democratic right to vote; 
(7) that Section 98 of the Criminal Code, Sections 41 and 42 of the Immigration Act and all vagrancy laws and anti-working class laws be repealed”.<ref>((cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Victor |title="We were the salt of the earth!" : a narrative of the On-to-Ottawa trek and the Regina riot |date=1985 |publisher=Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina |isbn=0889770379 |pages=26–27 |url=https://archive.org/details/weweresaltofeart0000howa/ |access-date=5 March 2022))</ref> 

Public support for the men was enormous, but the municipal, provincial and federal governments passed responsibility between themselves. They then decided to take their grievances to the federal government. On June 3, 1935, hundreds of men began boarding boxcars headed east in what became known as the "On-to-Ottawa Trek".

==Meeting in Ottawa==
The protesters reached [[Regina, Saskatchewan]], on June 14. Three days later, on June 17, the protesters met with two federal cabinet ministers in the government of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett, [[Robert James Manion|Robert Manion]] and [[Robert Weir (politician)|Robert Weir]]. Robert Manion and Robert Weir invited eight elected representatives of the protest (with Arthur "Slim" Evans as their leader) to Ottawa to meet Bennett on the condition the rest of the protesters stay in Regina, where a large contingent of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] was located.<ref name=":1">((Cite book|title=Recollections of the On To Ottawa Trek|last1=Liversedge|first1=Ronald|last2=Howard|first2=Victor|publisher=MQUP|date=1973-01-15|location=Montreal|pages=194–216))</ref> The remaining trekkers continued remain in the stadium located on Regina Exhibition Grounds, "with food and shelter supplied by townspeople and the Saskatchewan government."<ref name=":0" />

The June 22nd [[Ottawa]] meeting turned into a shouting match, with Bennett accusing Trek leader Arthur "Slim" Evans of being an "embezzler." Evans, in turn, called the Prime Minister "a liar" before the delegation was finally escorted out of the building and on to the street.<ref name=":1" />

==Regina riot==
((redirect|Regina Riot|the women's tackle football team|Regina Riot (football)))
((Infobox civil conflict
| title            = Regina Riot
| subtitle         = 
| partof           = the On-to-Ottawa Trek
| image            = 
| caption          = 
| date             = July 1, 1935
| place            = Market Square, [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], [[Saskatchewan]]
| coordinates      = 
| causes           = 
* Breakdown in [[On-to-Ottawa Trek#Meeting in Ottawa|negotiations]] between Trek leaders and the [[15th Canadian Ministry|Bennett government]]
* Government crackdown on the Trekkers
| goals            = 
| methods          = 
* Police [[charge (warfare)|charge]]
* [[Tear gas]] attack
| status           = 
| result           = 
| side1            = 
Trekkers and bystanders
* [[Workers' Unity League]]
* [[Relief Camp Workers' Union]]
| side2            =  
((nowrap|((flagdeco|CAN|1921)) [[Government of Canada]]))
* [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]]
| leadfigures1     = [[Arthur "Slim" Evans|Arthur Evans]]
| leadfigures2     = [[R. B. Bennett]]
| howmany1         = 1,500 to 2,000
| howmany2         = 350 
| casualties1      = ((ubl|
* '''Deaths:''' 1
* '''Injuries:''' Over 100
* '''Arrested:''' 140
))
| casualties2      = ((ubl|
* '''Deaths:''' 1
* ((nowrap|'''Injuries:''' 39 (confirmed)))
))
| damage           =
| buildings        = 
| detentions       =
| charged          =
| fined            =
| effect           = 
| effect_label     = 
| casualties_label = 
| notes            = 
| sidebox          = 
))
[[File:Regina 1er juillet 1935.jpg|thumb|Scene from the Regina Riot]]

The eight delegates arrived back in Regina on June 26. Attempts of the Trekkers to travel east by car or truck or train were thwarted by RCMP. A public meeting was called for July 1, 1935, in Market Square in Germantown (now the site of the [[Regina Police Service|Regina City Police]] station) to update the public on the progress of the movement. It was attended by 1,500 to 2,000 people, of whom only 300 were Trekkers. Most Trekkers decided to stay at the exhibition grounds in Saskatchewan.

Three large moving trucks were parked on three sides of the square concealing RCMP riot squads. Regina police were in the garage of the police station which was in Market Square. At 8:17&nbsp;p.m. a whistle was blown, and the police charged the crowd with batons from all four sides. The attack caught the people off guard before their anger took over. They fought back with sticks, stones, and anything at hand. Mounted RCMP officers then started to use tear gas and fired guns. Driven from the Square, and with the RCMP blocking the roadway back to the Stadium grounds, the battle continued in the surrounding streets for six hours.

Police fired revolvers above and into groups of people. Tear gas bombs were thrown at any groups that gathered together. Plate glass windows in stores and offices were smashed, but with one exception, these stores were not looted, they were burned. People covered their faces with wet handkerchiefs to counter the effects of the tear gas and barricaded streets with cars. Finally, the Trekkers who had attended the meeting made their way individually or in small groups back to the exhibition stadium where the main body of Trekkers were quartered.

[[File:Ontoottawa-trekkers.png|thumb|A poster made by the Communist Party of Canada, illustrating some of the participants in the On-to-Ottawa Trek who were arrested in 1935. The image also refers to [[Section 98]] of the Criminal Code of Canada.]]

When it was over, 140 Trekkers and citizens had been arrested. Charles Miller, a plainclothes policeman, died, and Nick Schaack, a Trekker, later died in the hospital from injuries sustained in the riot. There were hundreds of injured residents and Trekkers were taken to hospitals or private homes. Those taken to a hospital were also arrested. Property damage was considerable. The police claimed 39 injuries in addition to the dead police officer, but denied that any protesters had been killed in the melee; the hospital records were subsequently altered to conceal the actual cause of death.((citation needed|date=June 2017))<!--\Proof that this happened?-->

Trekkers Arthur Evans and George Black who were on the speakers' platform were arrested by plainclothes police at the beginning of the melee.

The city's exhibition grounds were surrounded by constables armed with revolvers as well as automatic fire-arms.((citation needed|date=February 2011))<!--more probably Thompson SMGs...--> The next day a barbed wire stockade was erected around the area. News of the police-instigated riot was front-page news across Canada. About midnight one of the Trek leaders telephoned [[James Garfield Gardiner|Saskatchewan Premier Gardiner]], who agreed to meet their delegation the next morning. The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] were livid when they heard of this and apprehended the delegates for interrogation but eventually released them in time to see the premier.

Premier Gardiner sent a wire to the [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]], accusing the police of "precipitating a riot" while he had been negotiating a settlement with the Trekkers. He also told the prime minister the "men should be fed where they are and sent back to camp and homes as they request" and stated his government was prepared to "undertake this work of disbanding the men." An agreement to this effect was subsequently negotiated. Bennett was satisfied that he had smashed what he believed was a communist revolt and Gardiner was glad to rid his province of the strikers.

The Federal Minister of Justice [[Hugh Guthrie]] made the false statement ((citation needed|date=November 2013))<!--where is the proof that it was false or that Guthrie knew it was false--><ref>((cite book |last1=Mickleburg |first1=Rod |title=On the Line: A History of the British Columbia Labour Movement |date=2018 |publisher=Harbour Publishing Co. Ltd. |location=Madeira Park, BC, Canada  |pages=84–86 ))</ref> in the House of Commons on July 2 that "shots were fired by the strikers, and the fire was replied to with shots from the city police." During the lengthy trials that followed, no evidence was ever produced to show that strikers fired shots during the riot. For his part, Bennett characterized the On-to-Ottawa Trek as "not a mere uprising against law and order but a definite revolutionary effort on the part of a group of men to usurp authority and destroy government."

==Effects==
The Bennett government swiftly came into action regarding "the prosecution of the trek leaders and those who had been charged with rioting and assault."<ref>((Cite book|title=Canadian State Trials|last1=Write|first1=Berry|last2=Greenwood|first2=F. Murray|publisher=University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division|year=1996|location=Toronto|pages=402))</ref> The events helped to discredit Bennett's Conservative government, and in the [[1935 Canadian federal election|1935 federal election]], his party went from holding 135 seats to just 39. After the Trek, the Saskatchewan government provided free transportation as a peace sign back to the west. The camps were soon dismantled and replaced by seasonal relief camps run by the provinces, and that paid the men slightly more for their labor than the earlier camps. Even these camps were soon closed down.((when|date=March 2023)) Although the Trek did not reach [[Ottawa]], its reverberations certainly did. Several demands of the Trekkers were eventually met, and the public support that galvanized behind the Trek set the tone for the social and welfare provisions of the postwar era.((citation needed|date=January 2022))

==See also==
* [[Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years]]
** [[Great Depression in Canada]]
** [[Cities in the Great Depression#Canada|Canadian Cities in the Great Depression]]
* [[History of Regina, Saskatchewan]]
* [[Bonus Army]]
* [[Estevan Riot]]
* [[List of riots and civil unrest in Calgary]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.ontoottawa.ca/video.html On-to-Ottawa Trek] – video dramatization (narrated by Trek participants, with historical footage)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090923010231/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/onottawa.html The On-to-Ottawa Trek]
*[http://www.ontoottawa.ca/home.html On to Ottawa Historical Society]
*[http://www.lib.sfu.ca/system/files/28909/JacksonRFonds.pdf Records of Robert Jackson are held by Simon Fraser University's Special Collections and Rare Books]
*[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-trucker-convoy-protests-on-to-ottawa-trek/ Waiser, Bill "What we can learn from 1935′s On-to-Ottawa Trek, a convoy of the disillusioned" (The Globe and Mail, 18 June 2022)]

((Notable labour disputes in Canada))

[[Category:1935 labor disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:1935 riots]]
[[Category:1935 in Canada]]
[[Category:Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years]]
[[Category:Great Depression in Canada]]
[[Category:History of Regina, Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in Canada]]
[[Category:Protest marches in Canada]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Canada]]
[[Category:Communism in Canada]]
[[Category:1935 in Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:1935 in Ontario]]
[[Category:1935 protests]]

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