Open-circuit voltage (abbreviated as OCV or V_OC) is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of an electronic device when disconnected from any circuit.^[1] There is no external load connected. No external electric current flows between the terminals. Alternatively, the open-circuit voltage may be thought of as the voltage that must be applied to a solar cell or a battery to stop the current. It is sometimes given the symbol V_oc. In network analysis this voltage is also known as the Thévenin voltage.

The open-circuit voltages of batteries and solar cells are often quoted under particular conditions (state-of-charge, illumination, temperature, etc.).

The potential difference mentioned for batteries and cells is usually the open-circuit voltage.

The value of the open-circuit voltage of a transducer equals its electromotive force (emf), which is the maximum potential difference it can produce when not providing current.

Example

Consider the circuit:

If we want to find the open-circuit voltage across the 5Ω resistor, first disconnect it from the circuit:

Find the equivalent resistance in loop 1 to find the current in loop 1. Use Ohm’s law with that current to find the potential drop across the resistance C. Note that since no current is flowing through resistor B, there is no potential drop across it, so it does not affect the open-circuit voltage.

The open-circuit voltage is the potential drop across the resistance C, which is: ${\textstyle {\frac {C}{C+A))\ 100\ V_{\sim }\ .}$

This is just an example. Many other ways can be used.^[2]