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((Short description|2011 Egyptian military campaign in the Sinai Peninsula against the Sinai Insurgency))
((Other uses|Operation Eagle (disambiguation)))
((More citations needed|date=November 2016))
((Use dmy dates|date=November 2016))
((infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Operation Eagle
| partof            = [[Sinai insurgency]]
| image             = Sinai-peninsula-map.jpg
| image_size        = 220px
| caption           = Map of the Sinai Peninsula
| date              = 14 August 2011—September 2012
| place             = [[Sinai Peninsula]], [[Egypt]]
| coordinates       = 
| map_type          = 
| map_relief        = 
| latitude          = 
| longitude         = 
| map_size          = 
| map_marksize      = 
| map_caption       = 
| map_label         = 
| territory         = 
| result            = 
| status            = 
| combatant1        = ((Flag|Egypt))
*[[Egyptian Armed Forces]]
*[[Central Security Forces]]
*[[Law enforcement in Egypt|Egyptian National Police]]
| combatant2        = [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|22px|border]] '''[[Islamists]]:'''
* [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/09/01/perpetrators-of-second-rafah-massacre-arrested/|title=Perpetrators of second Rafah massacre arrested|work=Daily News Egypt|date=1 September 2013|access-date=9 November 2013))</ref> (until late 2014)
* [[Bedouin]] tribesmen<ref name="econ">((Cite news|title=Egypt's Sinai desert: A haven for malcontents|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21581782-wake-muhammad-morsis-fall-sinai-becoming-even-more-dangerous-haven|agency=The Economist|date=13 July 2013|access-date=17 July 2013))</ref>
* Jund al Islam<ref>((Cite news|title=Jund al Islam claims credit for Sinai suicide car bomb attacks|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/09/jund_al_islam_claims.php|agency=The Long War Journal|date=12 September 2013|access-date=9 October 2013))</ref>
* Popular Resistance Movement<ref>((cite web|title=(Allied) Popular Resistance Movement|date=9 April 2015 |url=http://timep.org/esw/profiles/terror-groups/aprm/|publisher=Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy))</ref>
* [[Takfir wal-Hijra]]<ref name=ao1nov>((cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/85319/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-army-arrests-head-of-Sinai-radical-militant-.aspx|title=Egypt army arrests head of Sinai radical militant group, dozens others|publisher=Ahram Online|date=1 November 2013|access-date=5 November 2013))</ref>
* [[Tawhid al-Jihad (Gaza Strip)|Tawhid al-Jihad]]<ref>((Cite news|title=Egypt sentences 14 to death for 2011 Sinai attacks|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-sentences-14-to-death-for-2011-sinai-attacks/|agency=The Times of Israel|date=24 September 2012|access-date=12 December 2013))</ref>
* [[Ansar al-Sharia (Egypt)|Ansar al-Sharia]]<ref name=lwj60713>((cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2013/07/a_new_ansar_al_sharia_in_the_s.php |title=Ansar al Sharia Egypt in the Sinai |publisher=Long War Journal |date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006112926/http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2013/07/a_new_ansar_al_sharia_in_the_s.php |archive-date=6 October 2014 ))</ref> (from 2012)
* [[Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem|Mujahideen Shura Council]]<ref name=lwjaug6>Bill Roggio, [http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/08/mujahideen_shura_council_denie.php Mujahideen Shura Council denies involvement in Sinai assault], Long War Journal ([[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]]) 06-08-2012 ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815060109/http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/08/mujahideen_shura_council_denie.php |date=15 August 2014 ))</ref> (from 2012)
* [[Army of Islam (Gaza Strip)|Army of Islam]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://timep.org/esw/profiles/terror-groups/jaysh-al-islam/|title=Jaysh al-Islam|work=[[Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy]]|date=22 July 2014 |access-date=15 January 2016))</ref>
* [[Abdullah Azzam Brigades]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/deadly-attacks-in-sinai-highlight-the-regions-growing-instability/print/|work=[[American Enterprise Institute]]|date=July 23, 2013|access-date=January 15, 2016|title=Deadly attacks in Sinai highlight the region's growing instability|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203205316/http://www.aei.org/publication/deadly-attacks-in-sinai-highlight-the-regions-growing-instability/print/|url-status=dead))</ref>
* [[Al-Qaeda in Sinai Peninsula]]<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/09/jihadists_attack_int.php|title = Jihadists attack international peacekeeper base in Egypt's Sinai &#124; FDD's Long War Journal|date = 15 September 2012))</ref> (from late 2011)
* [[Al Furqan Brigades]]<ref>((cite web|work=Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium|url=http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/al-furqan-brigades|access-date=January 16, 2016|title=Al Furqan Brigades))</ref>
* [[Soldiers of Egypt]]<ref>((cite web|work=Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium|url=http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/ajnad-misr|access-date=January 16, 2016|title=Ajnad Misr))</ref> (from 2013)
| combatant3        = 
| commander1        = ((Flagicon|Egypt)) [[Sami Hafez Anan|Sami Anan]]<br />  ((flagicon|Egypt))[[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi|M. H. Tantawi]]
| commander2        = ''Unknown''
| commander3        = 
| units1            = *[[Second Army (Egypt)|Second Army]]
*[[Third Army (Egypt)|Third Army]]
| units2            = Insurgent Cells
| units3            = 
| strength1         = 
| strength2         = 
| strength3         = 
| casualties1       = 
| casualties2       = 
| casualties3       = 
| notes             = 
| campaignbox       = 
))
((Campaignbox Sinai insurgency))

'''Operation Eagle''' (((Lang-ar|العملية نسر))) was an Egyptian military campaign in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], that was launched in August 2011 to confront the [[Sinai insurgency]]. The campaign was aimed against [[Islamism|Islamist]] insurgents, who had been attacking the Egyptian security forces in the Sinai and using the area as a base from which to attack [[Israel]] since early 2011. Successive Egyptian operation against insurgents in 2012, named [[Operation Sinai (2012)|Operation Sinai]],<ref>[http://thedailynewsegypt.com/2012/09/08/egyptian-armed-forces-announce-results-of-operation-sinai/ mainstream]</ref><ref>[http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/09/08/236807.html media]</ref> was initially referred as the second part of Operation Eagle. It was the first in a number of campaigns to retake the Sinai from insurgents which was achieved. 

==Background==

===Historic perspective===
Sinai was an integral part of Egypt since the inception of the Muhammad Ali dynasty in the early 19th century. Israel briefly captured the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]]. As part of the 1979 [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]], in 1982 Israel withdrew from the peninsula. Among the treaty's other provisions was an agreement that the peninsula would be left effectively [[Demilitarization|demilitarized]].<ref>((cite news|last=Gonn|first=Adam|title=Egypt aims to boost Sinai security with Israeli consent after attacks|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-08/24/c_131069719.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108020835/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-08/24/c_131069719.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|access-date=26 August 2011|newspaper=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]]|date=24 August 2011|location=[[Jerusalem]]|quote=According to the agreement, Israel in 1982 evacuated all its military bases and settlements from Sinai, which it had captured in the 1967 war, and returned it to Egypt in exchange for the area becoming a demilitarized zone with only a limited number of Egyptian troops deployed.))</ref><ref>((cite news|last=Katz|first=Yaakov|title=Egypt launches massive operation to control Sinai|url=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=233772|access-date=26 August 2011|newspaper=[[Jerusalem Post]]|date=14 August 2011))</ref>

A number of factors have enabled armed Islamist groups to take root and proliferate in the Sinai. Including local population alienation from the state and becoming more dependent on smuggling to Gaza.<ref name="CSS">((cite news|title=Sinai Peninsula – from Buffer Zone to Battlefield |url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CSSAnalyse168-EN.pdf |access-date=4 April 2016 |date=February 2015 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418131034/http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CSSAnalyse168-EN.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2015 ))</ref>

===Early Islamist attacks===
((main|Sinai insurgency))
The security situation in the Sinai began deteriorating early in 2011, as a fallout of the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]].<ref name=attalah>((cite news|last=Attalah|first=Lina|title=Sinai contested: Outlaws, Islamists, Israel and army|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/488224|access-date=22 August 2011|newspaper=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|date=21 August 2011|location=[[Arish]]|quote=The question of militant Islamist groups operating in the peninsula has been simmering for months, since security there collapsed in the wake of the uprising that brought down former President Hosni Mubarak.))</ref> Since February to August of that year, the [[Egypt–Israel pipeline]] in [[El-Arish]] was attacked five times by saboteurs.<ref>((cite news|title=Seventeen killed in Israel attacks|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9ea41cf0-c986-11e0-9eb8-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1VWDOVv6G|access-date=20 August 2011|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=18 August 2011|author=Tobias Buck|author2=Heba Saleh|location=[[Jerusalem]]; [[Cairo]]|quote=In the past six months, suspected Islamist militants in the Sinai have blown up a pipeline carrying natural gas to Israel five times.))</ref><ref>((cite news|title=Egypt's Dilemma After Israel Attacks|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/egypts-hamas-dilemma-after-attacks-in-israel-2011-8|access-date=20 August 2011|newspaper=[[Business Insider]]|date=19 August 2011|agency=[[Stratfor]]))</ref>

On 30 July, militants staged an attack on an Egyptian police station in El-Arish, killing six.<ref name=awad>((cite news|last=Awad|first=Marwa|title=Egypt army operation nets militants in Sinai-sources|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL5E7JG1SE20110816|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927072440/http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL5E7JG1SE20110816|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2012|access-date=19 August 2011|newspaper=[[Reuters|Reuters Africa]]|date=16 August 2011|location=[[Cairo]]))</ref>

On 2 August, a group claiming to be the Sinai wing of [[Al-Qaeda]] declared its intention to create an [[Caliphate|Islamic caliphate]] in the Sinai.<ref name=latimes>((cite news|last=Hassan|first=Amro|title=Nearly 20 alleged gas pipeline saboteurs arrested|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/08/egypt-gas-pipeline.html|access-date=19 August 2011|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=17 August 2011|location=[[Cairo]]|quote=Concerns over the security situation in Sinai intensified on Aug. 2 when a group referring to itself as Al Qaeda's wing in Sinai called for the creation of an Islamic caliphate in the peninsula.))</ref>

==Operation==
((further|2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks))

After working out arrangement with the Israeli government to permit more forces in the Sinai Peninsula than is allowed for by the security annex of the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty. [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|SCAF]] launched Operation Eagle on 14–15 August 2011.

Egypt deployed 2,500 troops and 250 armored personnel carriers including two special forces brigades, tanks and Apache helicopters, in key locations in North Sinai, with armored personnel carriers operating around al Arish, Rafah and Shaykh Zuweid.<ref>((cite news|last=ElBoluk|first=Salah|title=Army tanks in N. Sinai for first time since Israeli peace treaty|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/486279|access-date=24 August 2011|newspaper=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|date=14 August 2011|quote=An official source said that Israeli authorities agreed to the entry of Egyptian armed forces to Rafah for a specific period in order to restore security in the border area.))</ref><ref name=cfa>((cite web|last=Cook|first=Steven A.|title=The Eagle Has Landed In...Sinai?|url=http://blogs.cfr.org/cook/2011/08/17/the-eagle-has-landed%E2%80%A6in-sinai/|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|access-date=19 August 2011|author-link=Steven A. Cook|date=17 August 2011|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110822183240/http://blogs.cfr.org/cook/2011/08/17/the-eagle-has-landed…in-sinai/|archive-date=22 August 2011|url-status=dead))</ref><ref name=jpostkatz>((cite news|last=Katz|first=Yaakov|title=Egypt launches massive operation to control Sinai|url=http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=233772|access-date=19 August 2011|newspaper=[[Jerusalem Post]]|date=14 August 2011))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/special-forces-deployed-sinai-restore-security|title = Special forces deployed to Sinai to restore security|date = 11 August 2011))</ref> The move marked the first time Egypt has deployed military forces on such a scale since its treaty with Israel.<ref>((cite news|title=Hamas moves to arrest Army of Islam leader Mumtaz Daghmash|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/487607|access-date=24 August 2011|newspaper=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|date=18 August 2011|quote=The initiative, named Operation Eagle, saw Egyptian army tanks and troops deployed to the streets of Sinai towns for the first time since the 1970s.))</ref> The objectives of the operation are to confront Islamist insurgents and criminal gangs threatening Egypt's national security and to restore law and order.<ref name=almasry>((cite news|last=Khaled|first=Osama|title=Special forces deployed to Sinai to restore security|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/485461|access-date=19 August 2011|newspaper=[[Almasry Alyoum]]|date=11 August 2011|quote=The troops are expected to start by cracking down on all organized crime in Arish, and will then head to Rafah and Sheikh Zuwaid, where they expect to face fierce resistance due to the large numbers of armed criminals and insurgents.))</ref>

((External media|float=right|width=258px|image1=[http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2011/WORLD/africa/08/16/egypt.sinai/t1larg.egypt.sinai.afp.gi.jpg "A convoy of Egyptian armoured vehicles head along a road on the Sinai Peninsula near the Gaza border on August 13, 2011"]—''CNN''<ref>((cite news|last=Fahmy|first=Mohamed Fadel|title=Egypt cracks down on terror cells in Sinai; bin Laden's doctor spotted|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/16/egypt.sinai/|access-date=22 August 2011|newspaper=[[CNN]]|date=16 August 2011|location=[[Cairo]]))</ref>))

On 15 August, Egyptian security forces swept through a house known to be used by five leading Islamist figures. One of the five was killed; the remaining four were taken into custody.<ref name=alahram>((cite news|last=Halawi|first=Jailan|title=Clamp-down in Sinai|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1061/eg4.htm|access-date=19 August 2011|newspaper=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]|date=18 August 2011|location=[[Cairo]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819022837/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1061/eg4.htm|archive-date=19 August 2011|url-status=dead))</ref>

On 16 August, a group of gunmen believed to be affiliated with [[Jihadism|jihadist]] movements attacked an Egyptian army checkpoint. Egypt's forces suffered no casualties in the assault.<ref name=alahram />

On 17 August, two [[Bedouin]]s were killed in southern Sinai. Their families blamed Egyptian police for their deaths, but the police said it was not involved in the incident.<ref>((cite news|title=Tension mounts in Egypt's Sinai as two locals killed|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2011/08/17/tension-mounts-in-egypt-s-sinai-as-two-locals-killed|access-date=19 August 2011|newspaper=[[TIME]]|date=17 August 2011|quote=Angry Bedouins blocked a main road in the Egyptian city of South Sinai and fired shots in the air Wednesday, in protest at the killing of two local men by unknown gunmen.))</ref><ref>((cite news|title=Egypt kills 2 Beduin at Sinai military checkpoint|url=http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=234117|access-date=19 August 2011|newspaper=[[Jerusalem Post]]|date=17 August 2011))</ref>

On 18 August, a coordinated attack was staged upon Israeli military and civilians from Sinai, resulting in 6 Israeli civilians and two soldiers and 5 Egyptian soldiers killed, as well as 10 attackers.

On 26 August, then Israeli defense minister [[Ehud Barak]] said that Israel will agree for Egypt to employ thousands of troops in the Sinai.<ref name="jpost.com">[http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=235499 Barak agrees to Egypt deploying troops, vehicles in Sinai]</ref>

==Aftermath==
((main|Operation Sinai (2012)))
Following the [[2012 Egyptian-Israeli border attack]], forces from Egypt’s army and the police engaged in an operation against armed men who have been targeting security personnel in North Sinai.<ref>((cite web | url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/49906/Egypt/Politics-/UPDATED-Egyptian-troops-strike-hard-in-North-Sinai.aspx | title=UPDATED: Egyptian troops strike hard in North Sinai after multiple attacks | publisher=Ahram News | date=8 August 2012 | access-date=8 August 2012 |author1=Hatem Maher  |author2=Sherif Tarek |name-list-style=amp ))</ref>  A number of clashes between armed men and security forces at several security checkpoints in the Sinai occurred during this time.<ref name="Egypt army">((cite news | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4265912,00.html | title=Egypt army kills 20 terrorists in Sinai | newspaper=Ynetnews | publisher=Yedioth Ahronot | agency=Reuters | date=8 August 2012 | access-date=8 August 2012))</ref> Initially, the press related to the 2012 operation as the continuation of Operation Eagle, though later turning to an Egyptian official name [[Operation Sinai (2012)]].

Egyptian security sources have said that over 2,000 Islamic militants reside in the Sinai region.  The military said that the goal of the operation is to "restore security by pursuing and targeting armed terrorist elements in Sinai."<ref name="Goal">((cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/egyptian-military-fires-missiles-at-suspected-islamist-terrorists-in-sinai/ | title=Egyptian army declares success in crackdown on Sinai terrorists | publisher=The Times of Israel | date=8 August 2012 | access-date=8 August 2012 | agency=Associated Press))</ref>

==Reactions==

===Israel===
The 1979 [[Camp David Accords]], which established peace between Egypt and Israel, mandates that the Sinai must remain demilitarized.

During the beginning of the operation in 2011, Israel allowed the deployment of thousands of troops in the Sinai, with helicopters and armored vehicles, but not tanks.<ref name="jpost.com"/>

During the beginning of August 2012, when Operation Eagle intensified, Israel approved a request from Barak to allow Egypt to deploy attack helicopters in the Sinai.<ref name="Israel approves">((cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=280732 | title=Security cabinet okays Egypt attack helicopters in Sinai  | publisher=The Jerusalem Post | agency=Reuters | date=9 August 2012 | access-date=9 August 2012 | author=Herb Keinon))</ref>

However, concern began to be raised as Egypt began deploying more force and tanks without coordination from Israel. On 21 August, Israeli foreign minister [[Avigdor Lieberman]] said that it is important for Israel to make sure that the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty is upheld, and not to remain silent as Egyptian military forces enter the Sinai. Concern was raised by Israeli officials over Egyptian failure to notify Israel about the deployment of tanks in the Sinai, which violates the peace treaty. Lieberman said, "We must make sure that every detail is upheld, otherwise we'll find ourselves in a slippery slope as far as the peace treaty is concerned."<ref name="Liebs">((cite news | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4271499,00.html | title=Lieberman: Don't let Egypt get away with violations | publisher=Yedioth Ahronot | date=21 August 2012 | access-date=21 August 2012 | author=Somfalvi, Attila| newspaper=Ynetnews ))</ref>

On the same day, Israeli daily ''[[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]]'' reported that Israel sent a message to Egypt via the [[White House]], protesting Egypt's ongoing increase in military presence in the Sinai without coordination from Israel, and telling Egypt that it must remove tanks from the Sinai because their presence violates the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty of 1979, which states that Sinai Peninsula is to remain demilitarized. The Israeli daily ''Maariv'' reported was reinforced by an article in ''[[The New York Times]]'', which stated that Israel was “troubled” by the entry of Egyptian tanks into the northern Sinai Peninsula without coordination with Israel and had asked Egypt to withdraw them.<ref>((cite news|last=Kershner|first=Isabel|title=Israel Asks Egypt to Remove Tanks From Sinai|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/22/world/middleeast/israel-asks-egypt-to-remove-tanks-from-sinai.html?ref=middleeast|access-date=29 August 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 August 2012))</ref> Partly due to Egypt's military deploying tanks in the Sinai Peninsula, Israel is increasingly worried about what has long been their most critical regional relationship.<ref name="NYT20120822">((cite news|last=Rudoren|first=Jodi|title=Developments in Iran and Sinai Deepen Israel's Worries About Egypt|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/world/middleeast/israels-worries-about-egypt-deepen.html?ref=egypt&pagewanted=all|access-date=29 August 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 August 2012))</ref> The lack of coordination around their deployment is seen as potentially undermining a peace treaty that has been a cornerstone of Israel’s security for decades according to the New York Times.<ref name="NYT20120822" /> Israel is also concerned that Egypt may use Operation Eagle to build up its military presence in the Sinai, and leave the tanks and armored carriers in the Sinai while not doing much more than symbolic action to eliminate the terrorist threat.<ref name="after buildup">((cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-tells-egypt-to-remove-tanks-from-sinai/ | title=After buildup, Israel tells Egypt to remove tanks from Sinai | publisher=The Times of Israel | date=21 August 2012 | access-date=21 August 2012 | author=Winer, Stuart))</ref>

Israel has not issued a formal complaint, and instead prefers to resolve the issue through quiet contacts, as well as mediation from the U.S., to avoid straining its relationship with Egypt.<ref name="Reuters JPost"/>

On 24 August 2012, a senior Egyptian military source said that Egyptian Defense Minister Abdel Fattah el-Sissi and Israeli Defense Minister [[Ehud Barak]] have reached an agreement on the issue of the militarization of the Sinai.  ''Al Hayat'' reported that Sissi phoned Barak and said that Egypt was committed to maintaining the peace treaty with Israel.<ref name="TToI">((cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/barak-and-egyptian-counterpart-reportedly-come-to-terms-over-sinai-offensive/ | title=Barak and Egyptian counterpart reportedly come to terms over Sinai offensive | publisher=The Times of Israel | date=24 August 2012 | access-date=24 August 2012 | author=Davidovitch, Joshua))</ref>  Sissi also said that the militarization was temporary, and is needed for security and to fight terrorism.  However, an Israeli defense official denied that such a conversation took place.<ref name="TToIEgypt">((cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/egypt-tells-israel-military-presence-in-sinai-is-temporary/ | title=Egypt tells Israel military presence in Sinai is temporary | publisher=The Times of Israel | date=25 August 2012 | access-date=26 August 2012))</ref>

In late August 2012, then Egyptian president [[Mohamed Morsi]] said that the security operations do not threaten anyone, and "there should not be any kind of international or regional concerns at all from the presence of Egyptian security forces". Morsi added that the campaign was in  "full respect to international treaties". The Egyptian-Israeli peace deal places limits on Egyptian military deployment in the Sinai. Officials in Israel were concerned about Egypt building up heavy armour in Sinai.<ref name="Yedioth Mercy">((cite news | url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4273813,00.html | title=Morsi's message to Israel: No reason for concern | newspaper=Ynetnews | publisher=Yedioth Ahronot | date=28 August 2012 | access-date=28 August 2012))</ref>

On 8 September, an Israeli official confirmed that coordination exists between Israel and Egypt regarding Operation Eagle. Egyptian Military spokesman Ahmed Mohammed Ali had earlier announced that Egypt has been consulting with Israel regarding its security measures in the Sinai.<ref name="8 september">((cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/weve-killed-32-criminals-and-arrested-38-in-aftermath-of-sinai-terror-attack-says-egyptian-army/ | title=Egypt says it has killed 32 'criminals' and arrested 38 since Sinai terror attack | publisher=The Times of Israel | date=8 September 2012 | access-date=8 September 2012 | author=Shmulovich, Michal))</ref>

===United States===
According to [[CNN]], in a move to increase security in the Sinai, help Morsi, and reassure Israel, U.S. Defense Secretary [[Leon Panetta]] offered Egypt classified intelligence-sharing capabilities to help Egypt identify military threats in the area, which he discussed during his recent trips to Egypt and Israel.  The technology has been widely used in Iraq and Afghanistan to identify vehicles at great distances. The technology may also be used by the [[Multinational Force and Observers|Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai]].  The United States is also offering increased intelligence sharing, including satellite imagery and drone flights, as well as cellphone intercepts and other communications among militants suspected of plotting attacks.<ref name="Israel Hayom">((cite web | url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=5491 | title=CNN: US offers Egyptian army intelligence aid for Sinai battles | publisher=Israel Hayom | work=Israel Hayom; Reuters | date=21 August 2012 | access-date=22 August 2012))</ref>

On 22 August, the [[State Department]] urged Egypt to be transparent over Operation Eagle and any security operations in the Sinai.  The State Department said that the United States supports Operation Eagle against terrorism, but stressed that Egypt must continue coordination with Israel regarding these operations and military increases in the Sinai, according to the 1979 Camp David Accords.<ref name="Times Wash">((cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-state-department-urges-egyptian-transparency-over-sinai/ | title=Washington calls for Egyptian transparency amid military buildup in Sinai | publisher=The Times of Israel | date=22 August 2012 | access-date=23 August 2012 |author1=Winer, Stuart |author2=Ben Zion, Ilan ))</ref>   The State Department also called on Egypt to fulfill its obligations under the 1979 [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty|Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty]] and deal strongly with security threats in the Sinai, while ensuring that "lines of communication stay open."<ref>((cite news|title=US urges Egypt to retake control of Sinai|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=282253|access-date=24 August 2012|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=23 August 2012))</ref>

On 23 August, then [[Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]], speaking with Egyptian foreign minister [[Mohamed Kamel Amr]], urged Amr to maintain lines of communication with Israel, and emphasized the importance of being transparent over the militarization of the Sinai.<ref name="Reuters JPost">((cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=282405 | title=Clinton urges Egypt, Israel to talk on Sinai | publisher=The Jerusalem Post | agency=Reuters | date=23 August 2012 | access-date=23 August 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823220456/http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=282405 | archive-date=23 August 2012 | df=dmy-all ))</ref>

===Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai===
The [[Multinational Force and Observers|Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai]], a 1650-strong international organization created in 1979 during the Camp David Accords with peacekeeping responsibilities, kept a low profile during the intensification of Operation Eagle in 2012.  A representative for the organization said that "we are unable to respond to queries from the media at this time" in response to whether Egypt asked permission to move weaponry into the Sinai, and whether Israel granted it.<ref name="Multinational">((cite web | url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=282083 | title=Int'l force in Sinai quiet amid concern of Egypt violations | publisher=The Jerusalem Post | date=21 August 2012 | access-date=21 August 2012 | author=Keinon, Herb | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821215113/http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=282083 | archive-date=21 August 2012 | df=dmy-all ))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arab Spring]]

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170227163604/http://www.mmc.gov.eg/ Egyptian Armed Forces]

[[Category:21st-century military operations]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Egypt]]
[[Category:2011 in Egypt]]
[[Category:2012 in Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)]]
[[Category:Sinai insurgency]]
[[Category:Military operations involving Egypt]]

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