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((distinguish|Operation Z (disambiguation)))
((refimprove|date=March 2011))
'''Operation Zet''' was a secret operation in 1937–1941 by the [[Soviet Union]] to provide military and technical resources to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] as a part of the [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact]].<ref Name="Maslov ">((cite book
|title= Polikarpov I-15, I-16 and I-153 Aces; Volume 95 of Aircraft of the Aces
|last= Maslov
|first= Mikhail
|authorlink= Mikhail Maslov
|year= 2010
|publisher= Osprey Publishing
|isbn= 978-1-84603-981-2
|page= 33
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sCMIHibu7L0C&dq=%22Operation+Zet%22&pg=PA33))</ref>

The operation aimed to help China resist the invasion of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] during [[World War II]].<ref name=":0">((Cite book|title=The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism, Volume 1|last1=Ness|first1=Immanuel|last2=Cope|first2=Zak|date=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781349576913|location=New York|pages=241))</ref> It was part of the Soviet anti-imperialist effort worldwide.<ref name=":0" /> In addition, the Soviet Union and the [[Empire of Japan]] had a [[Japan – Soviet Union relations|longstanding rivalry]] that sometimes resulted in [[Soviet–Japanese Border Wars|open hostilities]].

Under Operation Zet, the Soviets provided China with warplanes, bombers, tanks, antiaircraft weapons, ammunition, and transport vehicles.<ref>((Cite book|title=The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom: America and China, 1776 to the Present|last=Pomfret|first=John|date=2016|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=9780805092509|location=New York|pages=251))</ref> The operation began with the deployment of 225 combat aircraft, along with [[Soviet Volunteer Group|Soviet volunteers]].<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NHyDQAAQBAJ&dq=Operation+Zet+sino-soviet&pg=PT32|title=Sino-Japanese Air War 1937–1945: The Longest Struggle|last=Gustavsson|first=Hakan|date=2017-01-20|publisher=Fonthill Media|language=en))</ref> 

The operation was carried out in secret to maintain [[plausible deniability]] and to resist the expansionist efforts of Japan to [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|establish itself as the pre-eminent political force]] in [[East Asia]]. Under the name of [[Soviet Air Force]] Volunteers, Soviet troops fought in the defense of [[Battle of Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[Battle of Wuhan|Wuhan]], [[Battle of Nanchang|Nanchang]], and [[Bombing of Chongqing|Chongqing]]. Over 250 Soviet volunteer pilots and 885 aircraft were provided to China. The aircraft included [[Polikarpov I-15]], [[Polikarpov I-16]], and [[Polikarpov I-153]].<ref Name="Maslov " />

==See also==
* [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact]]
* [[Soviet Volunteer Group]]
* [[Lend-Lease]]

==Literature==
* Михаил Юрьевич Мухин: ''Советский авиазавод в Синцзяне. 1930–1940-е годы'', in: Новая и новейшая история, vol. 47 (2004), no. 5, pp. 236–239. [http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/JOURNAL/NEWHIST/CHINA.HTM Available here.]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.1jma.dk/articles/1jmachina.htm Soviet military aid to China, 1937–1939]

[[Category:China–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Military operations involving the Soviet Union|Zet]]


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