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((Short description|Military term))
((about|a military term|the game|Half-Life: Opposing Force))
((hatnote|The term "opposing force" is occasionally used to refer to a genuine military foe. This article is concerned only with its use in simulated conflict.))
((more citations needed|date=November 2009))
[[File:OPFOR Soldiers.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|U.S. OPFOR soldiers playing the role of Iraqi insurgents in [[Fort Polk]], Louisiana.((refn|group=note|Photo was taken during Operation Cajun Fury with one of the many training exercises that take place at Joint Readiness Training Command (JRTC).))]]

An '''opposing force''' (alternatively '''enemy force''', abbreviated '''OPFOR''' or '''OpFor''') is a [[military unit]] tasked with representing an enemy, usually for training purposes in [[War exercise|war game]] scenarios. The related concept of [[aggressor squadron]] is used by some air forces.

At a basic level, a unit might serve as an opposing force for a single scenario, differing from its 'opponents' only in the objectives it is given. However, major armies commonly maintain specialized groups trained to accurately replicate real-life enemies, to provide a more realistic experience for their training opponents. (To avoid the diplomatic ramifications of naming a real nation as a likely enemy, training scenarios often use fictionalized versions with different names but similar military characteristics to the expected real-world foes.)

== Units ==

=== China ===
((see|195th Combined Arms Brigade (People's Republic of China)))

=== France ===
In the [[French Army]], a FORAD (((lang|fr|FORce ADverse)), enemy force) is used to train the army, in both the ((lang|fr|[[:fr:1er bataillon de chasseurs à pied|centre d'entraînement au combat]])) (CENTAC, Combat Training Center) of [[Mailly-le-Camp]]<ref name="5eRD"/> and in the ((lang|fr|[[centre d'entraînement aux actions en zone urbaine]])) (CENZUB, Urban Operations Training Centre).<ref>((cite news|language=fr |title=Dans la ville fantôme de Jeoffrécourt, les armées étrangères simulent la guerre |trans-title=In the ghost town of Jeoffrécourt, foreign armies simulate war |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/societe/dans-la-ville-fantome-de-jeoffrecourt-les-armees-etrangeres-simulent-la-guerre-08-05-2016-2037740_23.php |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |newspaper=[[Le Point]] |date= 8 May 2016))</ref> Declassed [[AMX-30]] tanks were used to simulate Soviet T-72s,<ref name="5eRD">((cite magazine|magazine=Batailles & Blindés |issue=Hors Série 24 |issn=1950-8751 |pages=52–55 |title=CENTAC/5e régiment de Dragons |trans-title=CENTAC/5th Dragoon Regiment |language=fr |date=2014))</ref> until 2018.<ref>((cite web|title=Le 5e Régiment de Dragons se sépare de ses derniers chars AMX-30 Brenus |trans-title=The 5th Dragoons Regiment separates from its last AMX-30 Brenus tanks |language=fr |url=http://www.opex360.com/2018/10/17/le-5e-regiment-de-dragons-se-separe-de-ses-derniers-chars-amx-30-brenus/ |date=17 October 2018 |first=Laurent |last=Lagneau |website=opex360.com))</ref>

=== Japan ===
((see|Tactical Fighter Training Group (JASDF)))

=== United States ===
((expand section|date=August 2021))
[[File:UH-1H disguised as Mi-24 Fort Irwin 1985.JPEG|thumb|A [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|UH-1H]] replicating a [[Mil Mi-24|Mi-24]] at Fort Irwin in 1985]]
There are three major training centers that utilize home-based OPFOR units for the [[US Army]]:

* The [[National Training Center]] or ''NTC'' at [[Fort Irwin, California]]—home unit is the [[11th Armored Cavalry Regiment]] (the ''Blackhorse'')<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.forthoodsentinel.com/news/brave-rifles-opfor-dominates-at-ntc/article_c5347e44-7a1b-11e8-8d7b-d3f18cc18bec.html |title=Brave Rifles OPFOR dominates at NTC))</ref>
* The [[Fort Polk#JRTC moves to Polk|Joint Readiness Training Center]] or ''JRTC'' at [[Fort Johnson, Louisiana]]—home unit is the 1st Battalion, 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment (the ''Geronimos'')<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/News-Articles/Article/291020/paratroopers-refine-war-fighting-skills-at-the-joint-readiness-training-center/ |title=Paratroopers refine war fighting skills at the Joint Readiness Training Center))</ref>
* The [[Joint Multinational Readiness Center]] or ''JMRC'' (formerly known as the Combat Maneuver Training Center or CMTC) at Hohenfels, Germany<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.hohenfels.army.mil/ |title=Army.mil |access-date=2020-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326223100/http://www.hohenfels.army.mil/ |archive-date=2018-03-26 ))</ref>—home unit is the 1st Battalion, [[4th Infantry Regiment (United States)|4th Infantry Regiment]] (Separate) (the ''Warriors'')

Various US military installations or major units have their own local versions of opposing force used for training exercises. The joint Australian–US military exercise "Crocodile '03" featured an Australian-led opposing force in which soldiers from a range of Australian units worked together with a [[US Marine Corps]] contingent.<ref>((cite news |title=Exercise Crocodile '03: You win some, you lose some |first=John |last=Wellfare |url=http://www.defence.gov.au/news/armynews/editions/1084/features/feature01a.htm |publisher=Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper))</ref>

Several [[state defense force]]s have served as OPFOR units when training with the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]]. The [[California State Military Reserve|California State Guard]],<ref>((cite web |url=http://4thmpbnpmo.com/opfor.htm |title=OPFOR |publisher=1st Battalion (MP), 2nd Brigade (Civil Support), California State Military Reserve |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118090016/http://4thmpbnpmo.com/opfor.htm |archive-date=18 January 2016 ))</ref> the [[Georgia State Defense Force]],<ref>((cite journal |last=Seay |first=Howard |title=Operation Roughrider Cold |url=http://issuu.com/allanhayesgsdf/docs/headsup_june2015 |journal=Heads up |publisher=[[Georgia State Defense Force]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3 |access-date=16 November 2015))</ref> and the [[New York Guard]]<ref>((cite magazine |last=Mendie |first=Ubon |date=31 March 2009 |title=N.Y. Guard 'Brings the Fight' to Fighting 69th |url=https://issuu.com/nynationalguard/docs/gt_spring09 |magazine=Guard Times Magazine |page=36 |access-date=22 December 2018))</ref> have provided OPFOR services to their respective National Guard counterparts. In 2018, the Georgia State Defense Force established the OPFOR Battalion<ref>((cite web|url=https://paonews.net/units/opfor/ |title=OPFOR Battalion |publisher=[[Georgia State Defense Force]] |language=en-US |access-date=2019-12-10))</ref> to assist National Guard Soldiers with pre-deployment training.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H14956.jpg|[[49th Royal Tank Regiment]] [[Matilda II]] with swastika and Iron Cross markings to denote opposing force status during an 1941 exercise in Dover.
File:Militairen van 11 Pantserinfanteriebataljon Garderegiment.jpg|Dutch soldiers of [[Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment|11 Pantserinfanteriebataljon Garderegiment Grenadiers]] wearing mohawk-style additions on their helmets to denote opposing force status.
File:Multinational forces tackle Exercise Kiwi Koru challenges 141113-F-AD344-172.jpg|[[New Zealand Defence Force]] soldier denoting opposing force status by wearing Desert [[Disruptive Pattern Material]] (DPM) in a temperate environment.
File:Royal Marine Commando Display Team at Bournemouth Air Festival 2009 (3852794973).jpg|Scene from a simulated [[Royal Marines]] beach landing during the 2009 [[Bournemouth Air Festival]]; "opposing force" Marine is bareheaded and wears Desert DPM, "blue force" Marines in the background wear berets, camouflage face paint, and woodland DPM.
File:Royal Marines, commando assault demo, Viking vehicle (28167968570).jpg|Royal Marine "opposing force" members during a 2016 assault demonstration; they wear [[Tropentarn]] uniforms and soft hats while the assaulting "blue force" Marines would be wearing [[Multi-Terrain_Pattern|MTP]] uniforms with [[Mk 7 helmet]]s.
File:CENZUB-FORAD.JPG|A sniper from the French [[centre d'entraînement aux actions en zone urbaine|CENZUB]] opposing force wearing a blue-and-gray version of [[Camouflage Central-Europe]].
File:Exercise BEVERLY BULLDOG DF-SD-03-17733.jpg|[[51st Fighter Wing]] airman denoting opposing force status by wearing his [[Battle Dress Uniform]] back to front (note the contrast of the uniform with the [[Individual Integrated Fighting System]] vest that is also being worn).
File:U.S. Soldiers with the 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment conduct a change of command ceremony for incoming commander Lt. Col. Barry Carlson and outgoing commander Lt. Col. Mitchell Watkins at Warrior Field 130702-A-WB953-454.jpg|[[4th Infantry Regiment (United States)|4th Infantry Regiment]] soldiers wearing United States Army opposing force uniform (Battle Dress Uniform in black with olive 'OPFOR' shoulder title)
File:Operation force Surrogate Vehicle.jpg|An OSV replicating a Soviet BMP at NTC, Fort Irwin, CA
File:MT-LB US Marines.jpg|[[US Marines]] using a former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[MT-LB]] vehicle as part of the OPFOR during an exercise
File:Northern Strike 23-1 "OPFOR" builds readiness, challenges visiting units 230126-Z-ZH169-1005.jpg|[[Michigan National Guard]] OPFOR wearing [[tiger stripe camouflage]] uniform and carrying a simulated [[RPG-7]].
File:OPFOR Shirt GRN and Shoulder Boards GRN, BLK, RED.jpg|OPFOR rank insignia mimicking the Soviet style (used during the [[Cold War]])

</gallery>

== Notes ==
((reflist|group=note))

== References ==
((Reflist))

== Further reading ==
((Commons category|Opposing forces))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041016062714/http://www.army.mil/soldiers/dec1998/features/valid.html Validating the "Enemy"] (discusses the United States Army OPFOR units and post-Cold War changes to OPFOR.)
* [http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/Trigons/Trigons.htm The Circle Trigonists (Aggressors)], a summary of the opposing force Aggressor used by the United States Army from ca. 1946&ndash;1978

((Military ranks by country))

[[Category:Military education and training]]

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