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((short description|1944 French law))
((refimprove|date=March 2021))
  ((Expand French|topic=gov|Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental|date=March 2021))
((use dmy dates|date=March 2021))
((Infobox legislation
|short_title            = Ordinance of 9 August 1944
|legislature            = [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|Provisional Government]]
|image                  = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_upright          = 
|imagealt               = 
|caption                = 
|long_title             = Order of August 9, 1944 concerning the re-establishment of republican rule of law in mainland France
|citation               = 
|territorial_extent     = [[Continental France]]
|considered_by          = 
|enacted_by             = Provisional Government
|date_enacted           = 9 August 1944
|date_assented          = <!-- Pick none or one of date_assented, royal_assent or date_signed as appropriate in jurisdiction. -->
|date_signed            = <!-- Pick none or one of date_assented, royal_assent or date_signed as appropriate in jurisdiction. -->
|signed_by              = <!-- Only use if date_signed is used. -->
|date_commenced         = <!-- Pick one of date_commenced or date_effective as appropriate in jurisdiction. -->
|date_effective         = <!-- Pick one of date_commenced or date_effective as appropriate in jurisdiction. -->
|date_of_expiry         = 
|date_repealed          = 
|administered_by        = 
|white_paper            = 
|repeals                = [[French Constitutional Law of 1940]]
|amended_by             = <!-- Citations of other notable legislation that amends this legislation; wikilink or external link where possible.  -->
|repealed_by            = 
|related_legislation    = <!-- Names and citations of any other related legislation; wikilink name and external link citation where possible. -->
|summary                = All constitutional laws of the [[Vichy regime]] declared [[void ab initio|void ''ab initio'']].
|keywords               = 
|status                 = in force
))

The '''Ordinance of 9 August 1944''' was a constitutional law enacted by the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF) during the [[Liberation of France]] which re-established republican rule of law in mainland France((sfn|law-1944-08-09))((sfn|Conan|Rousso|1996|p=70-71))((sfn|Conan|Rousso|1998|p=needed)) after four years of occupation by Nazi Germany and control by the collaborationist [[Vichy regime]].

== Background ==
[[Image:HD-SN-99-02715.JPEG|thumb|[[Charles de Gaulle]] giving a speech in August 1944 in [[Cherbourg]].]]

The refusal to consider the Vichy regime as a legally constituted authority was a constant in the [[Free France]] founded by Charles ((nowrap|de Gaulle)).((sfn|Conan|Rousso|1996|p=71)) Already in his [[Brazzaville Manifesto]] of 27 October 1940, the general had proclaimed that there was no longer a French government, and that "the Vichy-based organization that claims to bear this name is unconstitutional and submits to the invader",((sfn|Conan|Rousso|1996|p=71))((efn|name="CDG-Brazzaville")) even as he published on the same day the first Ordinance of Free France establishing the [[Empire Defense Council]],((sfn|Conan|Rousso|1996|p=70-71)) which organized "the legal authority in all parts of the [colonial] Empire liberated from control of the enemy ... based on French legislation prior to 23 June 1940."((sfn|JOFL|1941|p=3))((sfn|Conan|Rousso|1996|p=71))((efn|name="1st ordinance"))

==Contents==

Promulgated in Algiers by the GPRF led by General ((nowrap|de Gaulle)),((sfn|Maury|2006)) the ordinance expunged all trappings of legality from the Vichy regime, declaring all constitutional regulatory texts enacted by the regime of Pétain and Laval to be [[void ab initio|void ''ab initio'']],((efn|name="void")) beginning with the [[French Constitutional Law of 1940|Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940]]. As a consequence, the GPRF  did not have to explicitly proclaim the return of ((ill|Republican government in France|fr|Régime républicain en France|lt=the Republic|v=sup)), as the latter had never legally been dissolved.((sfn|Sauvé|2014)) More generally, this ordinance organized the conditions for the transition from the norms in force under Vichy, to [[Republicanism|republican norms]], in the historical context of the Liberation.((sfn|Sauvé|2014))

Through the text of this ordinance [[Free France]], embodied by the GPRF and led by General ((nowrap|de Gaulle)), retroactively constituted itself as the continuous and uninterrupted extension of the French Republic. It proclaimed the Vichy regime stripped of all right to present itself as the legal successor of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]].((sfn|Sauvé|2014))

This ordinance thus ratified the definitive victory of the government in exile established by ((nowrap|de Gaulle)) as early as 1940 with the [[Empire Defense Council]], which disputed Vichy's claim to legitimate authority, with both parties then claiming sole right to represent France during the war.

Additionally, by explicitly linking France's mode of government to the Republic, the ordinance endorsed a republican vision of France that precluded any legitimacy for a modification of this form of government.

Although the ordinance declared that all Vichy laws were null and void, as reversing all Vichy decisions during the previous four years was impractical, it also stated that only those explicitly listed were invalid.<ref name="paxton1972">((Cite book |last=Paxton |first=Robert O. |title=Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-8041-5410-9 |location=New York |pages=477 |language=en-US))</ref>

== See also ==

((div col|colwidth=20em))
* [[Charles de Gaulle]]
* [[Clandestine press of the French Resistance]]
* [[Free France]]
* [[French Constitution of 27 October 1946]]
* [[French Fourth Republic]]
* [[French Third Republic]]
* [[Liberation of France]]
((div col end))
((Portal|France|Law|Politics))

== References ==

=== Notes ===
((notelist |notes=

((efn|name="1st ordinance"|"((lang|fr|les pouvoirs publics dans toutes les parties de l'Empire libérées du contrôle de l'ennemi [...] sur la base de la législation française antérieure au 23 juin 1940.))"))

((efn|name="CDG-Brazzaville"|"((lang|fr|il n'existe plus de gouvernement proprement français))" and "((lang|fr|L'organisme sis à Vichy et qui prétend porter ce nom est inconstitutionnel et soumis à l'envahisseur.))"))

((efn|name="void"|
The Vichy laws were declared [[void ab initio|void ''ab initio'']]. The intent was that this was not a repeal, which would have given credence to the fact that Vichy laws once were legitimate, but rather that they were never legal in the first place, therefore never in force.))

))
((notelist))

=== Footnotes ===
((Reflist))

=== Works cited ===

<!--((sfn|law-1944-08-09))--> 
* ((cite web |url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071212&dateTexte=20090620 |title=Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental – Version consolidée au 10 août 1944 |trans-title=Law of 9 August 1944 Concerning the reestablishment of the legally constituted Republic on the mainland – consolidated version of 10 August 1944 |date=9 August 1944 |website=gouv.fr  |publisher=Legifrance | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716040542/http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071212&dateTexte=20090620 |archive-date=16 July 2009 |access-date=21 October 2015  |ref=((harvid |law-1944-08-09)) |quote=Article 1: The form of the government of France is and remains the Republic. By law, it has not ceased to exist. ((br)) Article 2: The following are therefore null and void: all legislative or regulatory acts as well as all actions of any description whatsoever taken to execute them, promulgated in Metropolitan France after 16 June 1940 and until the restoration of the Provisional Government of the French Republic.  This nullification is hereby expressly declared and must be noted.((br))Article 3. The following acts are hereby expressly nullified and held invalid: The so-called "Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940; as well as any laws called 'Constitutional Law';...))

<!--((sfn|Conan|Rousso|1998|p=))-->
* ((Cite book |last1=Conan |first1=Eric |last2=Rousso |first2=Henry |title=Vichy: An Ever-Present Past  |year=1998 |publisher=Dartmouth |location=Sudbury, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-87451-795-8)), <small>''a translation of the French:''</small>
<!--((sfn|Conan|Rousso|1996|p=))-->
** ((cite book |last1=Conan |first1=Eric |last2=Rousso |first2=Henry |title=Vichy, un passé qui ne passe pas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0WgAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Gallimard |isbn=978-2-07-032900-7 |orig-year=1st pub. [[Fayard]]:1994))

<!--((sfn|JOFL|1941|p=))-->
* ((cite book |title=Journal officiel de la France libre |trans-title=Official Gazette of Free France |chapter=Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental |trans-chapter=Ordinance of 9 August 1944 concerning the re-establishment of republican rule of law in mainland France |date=20 January 1941 |publisher=[[Free France]] |location=London |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96166400/f3.item |ref=((harvid|JOFL|1941))))

<!--((sfn|Maury|2006))-->
* ((cite web |lang=fr |last=Maury |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Gouvernement de la Libération ((!)) Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental |url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/co1944-1.htm |date=2006 |publisher= Digithèque MJP, University of Perpignan |location=Perpignan |access-date=15 March 2021))

<!--((sfn|Sauvé|2014|p=))-->
* ((cite conference |lang=fr |last=Sauvé |first=Jean-Marc |authorlink=:fr:Jean-Marc Sauvé |title=Rétablir la légalité républicaine – Introduction du colloque organisé, le 27 octobre 2014 |conference=Colloque à l’occasion du 70ème anniversaire de l’ordonnance du 9 août 1944 |url=https://www.conseil-etat.fr/actualites/colloques-seminaires-et-conferences/retablir-la-legalite-republicaine |conference-url=https://www.conseil-etat.fr/content/download/145616/document/6d5764ddd00015841c860b5b54130c26.pdf |website=Conseil d'État |publisher=[[Conseil d'État (France)|Conseil d'État]] |date=27 October 2014 |access-date=15 March 2021))

== Further reading ==

* ((cite book |lang=fr |last1=Cartier |first1=Emmanuel |title=La transition constitutionnelle en France (1940-1945) : la reconstruction révolutionnaire d'un ordre juridique " républicain " |trans-title=The constitutional transition in France (1940-1945): the revolutionary reconstruction of a "republican" legal order  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bOTAAAAMAAJ |date=2005 |publisher=[[:fr:Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence|LGDJ]] |location=Paris |series=Bibliothèque constitutionnelle et de science politique, 126 |isbn=2-275-02674-6 ))

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