An organ concerto is an orchestral piece of music in which a pipe organ soloist is accompanied by an an orchestra, although some works exist with the name "concerto" which are for organ alone.

The orchestral form first evolved in the 18th century, when composers including Antonio Vivaldi and George Frideric Handel wrote organ concertos with small orchestras; these organ parts rarely if ever call for the organ pedal board. During the Classical period the organ concerto became popular in many places, especially in Bavaria, Austria and Bohemia (whether called there a concerto, pastorella, or sonata), reaching a position of being almost an integral part of the church music tradition of jubilus character. From the Romantic era fewer works are known. Finally, there are some 20th- and 21st-century examples, of which the concerto by Francis Poulenc has entered the basic repertoire, and is quite frequently played.

Some works for organ and orchestra which clearly feature the organ in a solo, virtuoso role are not given the name concerto, e.g. the Symphonie concertante of Joseph Jongen.

However, the organ concerto form does not include certain orchestral works that call for the pipe organ to be used as an extra orchestral section, such as the Third Symphony of Camille Saint-Saëns, Gustav Holst's The Planets and Richard Strauss's Also sprach Zarathustra.

In general, the term organ symphony is reserved for works for solo organ without orchestra, although the nickname "Organ Symphony" for the Saint-Saëns Third Symphony persists, though it is neither a concerto nor a true organ symphony.

Composers of organ concertos

Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741)

George Frideric Handel (1685–1759)

Main articles: Organ concertos, Op.4 (Handel) and Organ concertos, Op.7 (Handel)

Handel wrote organ concertos as interludes for his oratorios—playing the organ part himself while directing the orchestra. Some are arrangements of his earlier works, or of works by other composers. For more details see the list of Handel's concertos. Many alternatives exist, so it is difficult to precisely number his organ concertos, however it is generally accepted that he wrote 16:

  1. HWV 289 – Op. 4 No. 1 in G minor: larghetto, allegro, adagio, andante
  2. HWV 290 – Op. 4 No. 2 in B-flat major: tempo ordinario, allegro, adagio, allegro ma non troppo
  3. HWV 291 – Op. 4 No. 3 in G minor: adagio, allegro, adagio, allegro
  4. HWV 292 – Op. 4 No. 4 in F major: allegro, andante, adagio, allegro
  5. HWV 293 – Op. 4 No. 5 in F major: larghetto, allegro, alla siciliana, presto
  6. HWV 294 – Op. 4 No. 6 in B-flat major: andante, allegro, larghetto, allegro moderato
  7. HWV 306 – Op. 7 No. 1 in B-flat major: andante, allegro, largo, adagio, allegro
  8. HWV 307 – Op. 7 No. 2 in A major: overture, tempo ordinario, tempo ordinario II, allegro
  9. HWV 308 – Op. 7 No. 3 in B-flat major: allegro, fuga, spiritoso, minuets 1 & 2
  10. HWV 309 – Op. 7 No. 4 in D minor: adagio, allegro, adagio, allegro
  11. HWV 310 – Op. 7 No. 5 in G minor: allegro ma non troppo, adagio, andante, minuet, gavotte
  12. HWV 311 – Op. 7 No. 6 in B-flat major: pomposo, adagio, tempo ordinario
  13. HWV 295a – F major (No. 13): largo, allegro, larghetto, allegro
    HWV 295b – second version: larghetto, allegro, larghetto, allegro
  14. HWV 296a – A major (No. 14) : largo e staccato, organo ad libitum: fuga – allegro, andante, grave, allegro
    HWV 296b – second version, Pasticcio Konzert: andante, adagio, grave, andante allegro, a tempo ordinario
  15. HWV 304 – D minor (No. 15) : andante, organo ad libitum: adagio – fuga, allegro
  16. HWV 305a – F major (No. 16) : concerto, allegro, andante, andante allegro
    HWV 305b – second version: overture, allegro, andante, andante allegro
Organ concertos arranged from Concerti Grossi, Op.6
  1. HWV 297 – D minor, after HWV 328: overture, air, allegro, allegro, allegro moderato
  2. HWV 298 – G major, after HWV 319: a tempo giusto, allegro, adagio, allegro, allegro
  3. HWV 299 – D major, after HWV 323 : larghetto e staccato, allegro, presto, largo, allegro, minuet un poco larghetto
  4. HWV 300 – G minor, after HWV 324 : largo e affettuoso, a tempo giusto, musette larghetto, allegro, allegro

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750)

Main article: Organ concerto (Bach)

There are no true organ concerti (i.e., for organ and orchestral ensemble) by Bach, but several cantata movements contain extensive obbligato organ parts. Versions of six of these cantata movements had a later incarnation in the two harpsichord concertos BWV 1052 and 1053. Cantata 35 contains two instrumental Sinfonias with organ solo, the first of which agrees with the fragmentary keyboard concerto BWV 1059.[1] A recording of a reconstruction of this as an organ concerto was made by Ton Koopman.[2]

Bach's admiration for Antonio Vivaldi and the Italian style led to several transcriptions of instrumental concertos for solo organ, without an orchestra.

Gregor Joseph Werner (1693–1766)

The Austrian composer Gregor Joseph Werner wrote a concerto in B-flat major for organ, 2 chalumeaux and string orchestra, dated 1753: Allegro – Largo – Tempo di menuet (manuscript: Országos Széchényi Könyvtár, Budapest: Ms.mus III.305; RISM: 530003636), as well as other concertos for organ and string or chamber orchestra. Besides these he wrote a pastorella in D major for organ and string orchestra: Andante – Larghetto – Allegro.

Johann Adolf Hasse (1699–1783)

The German composer Johann Adolf Hasse wrote six concertos for organ (or harpsichord) and orchestra, published in London ca 1743.

Michel Corrette (1707–1795)

The French organist-composer Michel Corrette wrote six concertos.

Marianus Königsperger (1708–1769)

The German composer Marianus Königsperger wrote six concertos and two pastorellas for organ and string orchestra, with two trumpets or horns ad libitum, Op. 18 (Certamen musicum complectens VI. concerta communia et II. pastoritia, Augustae-Vindelicorum: sumptibus Joannis Jacobi Lotteri Haeredum, 1754).

Georg von Reutter (1708–1772)

The Austrian composer Georg von Reutter wrote a concerto in F major for organ (or harpsichord) and string orchestra.

Thomas Arne (1710–1778)

The English composer Thomas Arne composed six concertos.

Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788)

The German composer Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach wrote several concertos for keyboard instrument (organ as one possible option), including the following:

Georg Christoph Wagenseil (1715–1777)

The Austrian composer Georg Christoph Wagenseil wrote several concertos for organ (or harpsichord) and string orchestra, of which six were published in London in 1761 and another set of six also in London by Welcker ca 1765.

Johann Georg Zechner (1716–1778)

The Austrian composer Johann Georg Zechner wrote at least four concertos for keyboard instrument and (string) orchestra; either one of them or another work in F major is recorded by Franz Haselböck and Capella Academica Wien, conducted by Eduard Melkus, as an organ concerto: Allegro – Adagio – Presto (Hänssler Classic CD 94.052).

Joseph Anton Xaver Auffmann (ca 1720–1773 or later)

The German composer Joseph Anton Xaver Auffmann wrote at least three concertos for organ and chamber orchestra, Op. 1 (Triplex concentus organicus, seu III. concerti organici à octo instrumentis, Augustæ-Vindelicorum: sumptibus Joannis Jacobi Lotteri Hæredum, 1754).

Antonio Soler (1729–1783)

The Spanish composer Antonio Soler wrote six concertos for two organs (without other instruments):

Soler: Concerto No. 1
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František Xaver Brixi (1732–1771)

The Czech composer František Xaver Brixi wrote at least six concertos for organ (or harpsichord) and chamber orchestra, e.g.:

Joseph Haydn (1732–1809)

The Austrian composer Joseph Haydn wrote at least three concertos for organ:

Besides these, several of his keyboard concertos are performed with organ. There are also works attributed him, dubiously or spuriously:

Johann Georg Albrechtsberger (1736–1809)

The Austrian composer Johann Georg Albrechtsberger wrote a concerto in B-flat major for organ and string orchestra, dated 1762, and published as volume 1 in Musica rinata series (Budapest: Zenemükiadó, 1964).

Michael Haydn (1737–1806)

The Austrian composer Michael Haydn wrote concerto MH 41 in C major for viola and organ (or harpsichord) with orchestra, dated 19 December 1761 (the year is uncertain).

Sir William Herschel (1738–1822)

The German-born English astronomer and composer Sir William Herschel wrote at least two concertos for organ and orchestra:

Johann Baptist Waṅhal (1739–1813)

The Czech-born Austrian composer Johann Baptist Waṅhal wrote at least nine organ concertos, which are only known from the inventory of the composer's estate. Concerto Bryan F1 in F major for harpsichord or piano and orchestra, composed no later than 1786, is edited and published in 1973 as an organ concerto in Diletto musicale series.

Marian Paradeiser (1747–1775)

The Austrian composer Marian Paradeiser wrote a concertino for organ (or harpsichord), violin, violoncello and orchestra; a manuscript of this work is kept in the library of the Melk Abbey in Melk, Austria.

Antonio Salieri (1750–1825)

Italian-born Austrian composer Antonio Salieri wrote an organ concerto in C major in 1773. Manuscript of this work is in the collections of the National Library of Austria. An edition, by J.S. Hettrick, in published in Vienna in 1981.

Karel Blažej Kopřiva (1756–1785)

The Czech composer Karel Blažej Kopřiva wrote at least eight concertos for organ and orchestra, but only the one in E-flat major for organ and chamber orchestra, with movements Allegro moderato – Adagio – Allegro di giusto, is known to have survived.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791)

The Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote seventeen Church Sonatas. These were meant for liturgical use (i.e. in a church service), rather than concert performance. Eight of these feature the pipe organ in an obbligato solo part.

Balthasar Anton Pfeyll (18th century)

A Central-European composer Balthasar Anton Pfeyll (Balthasarus Antonius Pfeyll) composed at least one concerto in D major for organ and chamber orchestra (two horns, strings, bass): Allegro [and other movements?] (manuscript: Kloster Einsiedeln, Musikbibliothek, Einsiedeln: 18,19 (Ms.1837); RISM 400012780).

Matteo Andruzzi (fl. 1785)

The Italian composer Matteo Andruzzi wrote at least one concerto in C major for organ and orchestra (manuscript: Škofijski arhiv, Koper: GA XXI/17; RISM 540.200.227).

Skitner

An unrecognised Central-European composer called Skitner wrote at last one concerto in D major for organ and chamber orchestra, dated before 1802: Allegro (assai) – Allegro assai (manuscript at the Landesbibliothek Coburg: Ms Mus 374/1.52; RISM 450.107.181; another manuscript: Národní knihovna České republiky, Prague: no sigla; RISM 552.000.678).

Josef Gabriel Rheinberger (1839–1901)

The Liechtenstein-born German composer Josef Gabriel Rheinberger wrote two concertos for organ and orchestra:

Alexandre Guilmant (1837–1911)

Félix-Alexandre Guilmant Alexandre Guilmant, [1] wrote two of his organ sonatas in two versions [2], one as a symphony for organ and orchestra:

Marco Enrico Bossi (1861–1925)

20th and 21st centuries

References

  1. ^ "Classical Net - J.S. Bach - Cantata Listener's Guide - BWV 35".
  2. ^ "Ton Koopman - Bach's Instrumental Works - Recordings - Part 3".
  3. ^ Josef Gabriel Rheinberger: Organ Concerto No. 1 in F major, Carus-Verlag
  4. ^ Josef Gabriel Rheinberger: Organ Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Carus-Verlag

Sources

External links

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