Members of Oros niru participating an Orthodox Christian liturgy.
A group of Oros niru and their family members sitting around an Orthodox icon.1900.

Oros Niru (Manchu: ᠣᡵᠣᠰ
ᠨᡳᡵᡠ, Chinese: 俄羅斯佐領, lit.: "Russian Niru") was a military unit of the Qing dynasty of China. It consisted of Russian Cossacks (also known as Albazinians) that were captured during the border conflicts between the Russian Empire and Qing China. Formally, this niru was known as the 17th niru of the 4th jalan of the Manju Gusa ejen of Bordered Yellow Banner (鑲黃旗滿洲都統第四參領第十七佐領).[1]

Origin and History

All the members of Oros niru came from Russia at one point of time. There were seven Cossacks that came before the year of 1644. They were some of the earliest Russian immigrants to Manchuria. From 1640s to 1680s, the conflicts between Qing dynasty and Russian Empire around the area of Albazino (Manchus named this village Yaksa) intensified. In 1651, emperor Shunzhi ordered the offensive against the Russian Cossack stronghold in Albazino.[2] In 1653, Russian expeditions in Siberia led by Yerofey Khabarov eventually turned into an armed conflict between Manchu and Cossacks.[3] Cattle and horses in the hundreds were looted and 243 ethnic Daur Mongolic girls and women were raped by Russian Cossacks under Yerofey Khabarov when he invaded the Amur river basin in the 1650s.[4] The Cossacks that were captured during these conflicts were transferred to inner parts of China. General of Sahaliyan Ula, the local Manchu military commander, decided to send them to Beijing and Shengjing. In 1668, another wave of 33 captured Russian soldiers were sent to Beijing.[5]

The Albazin/Yakesa Campaign of between 1685 and 1687 marked an end of the Sino-Russian border conflicts. Qing government asked the Russian captives if they would stay and serve the Qing emperor. Some of them expressed their royalty to Qing dynasty, some of them did not. Those who did not wish to serve in China were sent back to Russia. Those who wish to stay were settled in Beijing. The Qing government provided these immigrants with housing and cemeteries. The government also arranged their marriages (if they did not have a spouse). The Albazinians were told to marry Solon Evenki widows by the Board of Rites.[6] Mongol and Manchu women were married by the Albazinians.[7][8][9] The wives married by the Albazinians were former jailed convicts.[10]

After their first Niru Wulanggeli (this is a transcription in Chinese, his original name was lost) died, his son Luoduohun (this is also a Chinese transcription) succeeded his position. After the death of Luoduohun, members of oros niru came under the jurisdiction of the central government.[11]

Like Cigu Niru, members of Oros niru had obstacles in terms of participating civil services. They were not allowed to be promoted beyond the 5th rank which left them with only low ranking positions to take.

The descendants of this niru identify themselves as ethnic Manchu or Russian in contemporary China. Members of Oros niru are Orthodox Christians.

In 1881, Nikolai Adoratsky who later became bishop of Orenburg, was sent to Beijing in charge of the pastoral affairs of Oros Niru. He documented the history of Oros niru in his work "The Orthodox Mission in China for the last 200 years of its existence".

Commanders of Oros Niru

This is a list of Commanders of Oros Niru according to the "General Annals of Eight Banners" (1739)

References

  1. ^ Silin-Gioro, Ortai (1985). 八旗通志初集. 东北师范大学出版社.
  2. ^ Adoratsky, Nikolai (2007). 200 years of Orthodoxy in China. Guangzhou: 廣東人民出版社. ISBN 9787218055602.
  3. ^ Zhang, Danhui (Winter 2009). "清初雅克萨战役之始末". 清史所.
  4. ^ Ziegler, Dominic (2016). Black Dragon River: A Journey Down the Amur River Between Russia and China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Penguin. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-14-310989-1.
  5. ^ Chen, Peng (Spring 2013). "清代前期俄罗斯佐领探赜". 民族研究 – via The Institute of Qing History.
  6. ^ Widmer, Eric D. (1976). East Asian research center (Cambridge, Mass.) (ed.). The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking During the Eighteenth Century (illustrated ed.). Harvard Uni Asia Center. p. 188. ISBN 0-674-78129-5. ISSN 0073-0483.
  7. ^ Aldrich, M.A. (2008). The Search for a Vanishing Beijing: A Guide to China's Capital Through the Ages (illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-962-209-777-3.
  8. ^ Baddeley, John Frederick (1919). Baddeley, John Frederick (ed.). Russia, Mongolia, China: Being Some Record of the Relations Between Them from the Beginning of the XVIIth Century to the Death of the Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, A.D. 1602-1676; Rendered Mainly in the Form of Narratives Dictated Or Written by the Envoys Sent by the Russian Tsars, Or ... Volume 2. Macmillan, limited. p. 431.
  9. ^ Standaert, N. (2001). Standaert, Professor of Sinology Nicolas; Tiedemann, R. G. (eds.). Handbook of Christianity in China, Part 1. Brill's Companions to Asian Studies Online I, ISBN 978-90-04-38921-2 Handbook of Christianity in China, N. Standaert Handbook of Christianity in China: Handbuch der Orientalistik / hrsg. von B. Spuler .... Abt. 4. China. Volume 15 of Handbook of Oriental Studies Volume 15 of Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 4 China Handbuch der Orientalistik: China (illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 368. ISBN 90-04-11431-9.
  10. ^ Widmer, Eric D. (1976). East Asian research center (Cambridge, Mass.) (ed.). The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking During the Eighteenth Century (illustrated ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 188. ISBN 0-674-78129-5. ISSN 0073-0483.
  11. ^ Feng, Fuge (1997). 聽雨叢談. 中華書局. ISBN 9787101016987.

Sources

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