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((Short description|Torpedo fuel))
((Refimprove|date=April 2010))
[[File:Search and rescue swimmer Quartermaster 2nd Class Justin Peel, from Polson, Mont., secures an MK-46 exercise torpedo to be hoisted aboard the guided missile cruiser USS Vincennes (CG 49).jpg|thumb|MK-46 torpedo, which uses Otto fuel II]]
'''Otto fuel II''' is a [[monopropellant]] mixture of chiefly [[propylene glycol dinitrate]] (an [[ester]] of [[nitric acid]] and [[propylene glycol]], and structurally similar to [[nitroglycerin]]) that is used to drive [[torpedo]]es and other weapon systems. It was invented by Otto Reitlinger in 1963 (although tests with the substance had taken place before, for example in 1960<ref name="USN_Torpedo">((cite AV media |url=https://stock.periscopefilm.com/58814-u-s-navy-torpedo-propellant-research-otto-fuel-ii/ |title=Otto Fuel II |date=c. 1964 |type=Technical Film Report |language=en |publisher=Bureau of Naval Weapons |trans-title= |location=Indian Head, Maryland |time= |access-date=2022-12-10 |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |people=U.S. Naval Propellant Plant))</ref>). Otto fuel II, sometimes known simply as '''Otto fuel''', is not related to the [[Otto cycle]]; it is named after Reitlinger and for being the second iteration of the fuel. It was developed by the US Navy and the first torpedo to use it was the [[Mark 48 torpedo]] in the 1960s.<ref>((cite web |url=https://m.chemicalbook.com/ProductChemicalPropertiesCB91410214_EN.htm |title = OTTOFUELII CAS#: 106602-80-6))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://everything2.com/title/Otto+fuel+II |title = Otto fuel II - Everything2.com))</ref>

==Properties==
Otto fuel II is a distinct-smelling (described by submariners as being similar in smell to [[methyl salicylate|wintergreen oil]]; i.e. sweet, fruity and minty),((cn|date=November 2017)) reddish-orange, oily liquid that is a mixture of three synthetic substances: [[propylene glycol dinitrate]] (the major component), [[2-Nitrodiphenylamine|2-nitrodiphenylamine]], and [[dibutyl sebacate]].<ref name="cdc">((cite web |url=https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=780&toxid=152 |title=ToxFAQs for Otto fuel II and Its Components |work=Toxic Substances Portal |publisher=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |accessdate=10 April 2021))</ref> It does not need exposure to any [[oxidant]] to ignite and release energy, as its three components will react among themselves whenever vaporised and heated. Needing no oxidants and being a stable substance makes Otto fuel II ideal for use in the constrained environment of a submarine. Although the fuel can be made to explode, this requires such extreme conditions that it can be regarded as practically stable. The [[vapour pressure]] of the fuel is low (i.e., it is not volatile), minimizing toxic hazards. Finally, the fuel's [[energy density]] far surpasses the capacity of the [[electric battery]] used in other torpedoes, maximizing range.

==Major ingredients==
Named after its inventor, Otto Reitlinger,<ref>((cite web |url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/otto-reitlinger |title = Otto Reitlinger Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search))</ref> Otto fuel II consists of the nitrated [[ester]] explosive [[propellant]] [[propylene glycol dinitrate]] (PGDN), to which a [[Phlegmatized|desensitizer]] ([[dibutyl sebacate]]) and a [[Stabilizer (chemistry)|stabilizer]] ([[2-nitrodiphenylamine]]) have been added. The chief component, propylene glycol dinitrate, accounts for approximately 76% of the mixture, while dibutyl sebacate and 2-nitrodiphenylamine account for approximately 22.5% and 1.5% (by weight), respectively.<ref name="Powell1998">((Cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=S. |last2=Franzmann |first2=P. D. |last3=Cord-Ruwisch |first3=R. |last4=Toze |first4=S. |title=Degradation of 2-nitrodiphenylamine, a component of Otto fuel II, by ''Clostridium'' spp. |doi=10.1006/anae.1997.0141 |journal=Anaerobe |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=95–102 |year=1998 |pmid=16887628 |pmc=))</ref>

The principal current use of propylene glycol dinitrate is as a propellant in Otto fuel II. [[Nitrate]]s of [[polyhydric alcohol]]s such as this have been used in medicine for the treatment of [[angina pectoris]], and as [[explosive]]s since the mid-nineteenth century.

In addition to its use by the [[United States Navy]] as a stabilizer in the manufacture of Otto fuel II, 2-nitrodiphenylamine is employed for similar purposes by the [[United States Army]] in the manufacture of double base solid propellants. It also has civilian applications as a [[solvent dye]].

Dibutyl sebacate is a desensitizer in Otto fuel II. However, its major use is as a [[plasticizer]] in production of plastics, namely [[cellulose acetate butyrate]], [[cellulose acetate propionate]], [[polyvinyl butyral]], [[polystyrene]], and many [[synthetic rubber]]s. It can be used for plastics in use in the food [[packaging and labelling|packaging]] industry. It is also used as a [[lubricant|lubricating ingredient]] in shaving lotions, and a flavoring additive in [[non-alcoholic beverage]]s, [[ice cream]], ices, candy, and baked goods.

==Toxicity==
Otto fuel II is a toxic substance found in EPA [[National Priorities List]]. Ingestion of contaminated food or direct exposure at worksites can cause headaches, poor eye–hand coordination, eye irritation, congested noses, nausea, dizziness, and difficulty breathing.<ref name=cdc/>  An [[Respirator|MSA Demand Mask]] is mandatory for cleanup/mitigation efforts.

==Used in==
* [[Mark 37 torpedo]] (With speed-up kit)
* [[Mark 48 torpedo]]
* [[Mark 46 torpedo]]
* [[Mark 54 torpedo]]
* [[Spearfish torpedo]]
* [[Yu-6 torpedo]]
* [[Futlyar]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
* [https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=780&toxid=152 ToxFAQs for Otto fuel II and Its Components]

((DEFAULTSORT:Otto Fuel Ii))
[[Category:Torpedoes]]
[[Category:Fuels]]

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