Biophysical techniques
Biophysical techniques – methods used for gaining information about biological systems on an atomic or molecular level. They overlap with methods from many other branches of science.
- Biophotonics – combination of biology and photonics, with photonics being the science and technology of generation, manipulation, and detection of photons, quantum units of light. Biophotonics can also be described as the "development and application of optical techniques, particularly imaging, to the study of biological molecules, cells and tissue". One of the main benefits of using optical techniques which make up biophotonics is that they preserve the integrity of the biological cells being examined.
- Calcium imaging – various optical techniques for recording the location and concentration of calcium. Typically this is done in cell and tissue samples using either genetically encoded or chemically derived fluorescent calcium indicating dyes.
- Calorimetry –
- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) – measures the heat effects caused by interactions.
- Chromatography – various techniques from this field are used for the purification and analysis of biological molecules
- Circular Dichroism – method to measure chirality of a sample using circularly polarized light. This technique is commonly used to determine protein structure.
- Computational chemistry – use of numerical methods to probe the structure and dynamical equilibrium in biological systems.
- Cryobiology –
- Dual Polarisation Interferometry – analytical technique used to measure the real-time conformation and activity of a wide range of biomolecules and their interactions.
- Electrophysiology – studies electrical properties of cell membranes and provide functional data, often related to systematic changes in structure.
- Patch clamping – provides temporal and electrical information of a cell, or a portion of membrane. Typically this provides data on electrogenic processes, such ion channel or transporter activity.
- Electron microscopy – used to gain high-resolution images of subcellular structures and proteins.
- Fluorescence spectroscopy – for detecting structural rearrangements, as well as interactions of biomolecules. See also, Fluorescence.
- Force spectroscopy – probes the mechanical properties of individual molecules or macromolecular assemblies using small flexible cantilevers, focused laser light, or magnetic fields.
- Gel electrophoresis – determines the mass, the charge and the interactions of biological molecules
- Imaging – scientific imaging of biological materials, usually by some form of microscopy, or sometimes indirectly such as in x-ray crystallography or by computer imaging; at a wide range of magnifications to see macromolecules, cells, tissues, or organisms
- Mass spectrometry – technique that gives the molecular mass with great accuracy.
- Microscale Thermophoresis (MST) – method to measure binding affinities, enzymatic activities, changes in molecule conformation and changes in size, charge or hydration entropy.
- Microscopy – used in many ways, for example, to enable the use of laser instruments for scanning and transmission.
- Neuroimaging –
- Neutron spin echo spectroscopy –
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy – method for measuring the local environment of atomic nuclei within a sample. Can be used to derive both structural and kinetic information on proteins and small molecules.
- NMR spectroscopy – provides information about the exact structure of biological molecules, as well as on dynamics
- Optical tweezers and Magnetic tweezers – allow for the manipulation of single molecules, providing information about DNA and its interaction with proteins and molecular motors, such as Helicase and RNA polymerase.
- Rheology and Microrheology
- Single molecule spectroscopy – is a technique that is sensitive enough to detect single molecules and often incorporates fluorescence detection.
- Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) – technique that gives a rough low resolution molecular structure.
- Spectrophotometry – measurement of the transmission of light through different solutions or substances at different wavelengths of light.
- Spectroscopy and Circular dichroism – method for detecting chiral groups in molecules, especially to determine the secondary structure of proteins
- Ultracentrifugation – gives information on the shape and mass of molecules
- X-ray crystallography – method to determine the exact structure of molecules with atomic resolution
