 Owney as displayed at the National Postal Museum | |
| Other name(s) | Owney, the Postal Dog |
|---|---|
| Species | Dog |
| Breed | Border terrier[citation needed] |
| Sex | Male |
| Died | June 11, 1897 (aged 10 est.) Toledo, Ohio |
| Resting place | Smithsonian Institution 38°53′53″N 77°00′30″W / 38.898°N 77.0083°W |
| Occupation | Railway Mail Service, Railway Post Office Guardian, Traveller |
| Employer | U.S. Post Office |
| Notable role | Companion |
| Years active | 1887–1897 |
| Owner | Mail Clerk, Albany, New York |
Owney (ca. 1887 – June 11, 1897), was a terrier mix[1] adopted in the United States as a postal mascot by the Albany, New York, post office about 1888. The Albany mail professionals recommended the dog to their Railway Mail Service colleagues, and he became a nationwide mascot for nine years (1888–1897).[2] He traveled over 140,000 miles throughout the 48 contiguous United States and around the world as a mascot of the Railway Post Office and the United States Postal Service. He was the subject of commemorative activities, including a 2011 U.S. postage stamp.[3]
Owney belonged to a clerk at the Albany post office who would often come with him to work. Owney seemed to love the smell of the mail bags and would sleep on the bags. The clerk quit the Albany post office but knew that Owney was happier at the post office with the mail bags.[4]
Owney usually slept on the mail bags, and when they were moved, Owney went with them. He was considered to be good luck by postal railway clerks, since no train he rode on was ever in a wreck.[5] He was a welcome addition in any railway post office; he was a faithful guardian of railway mail and the bags it was carried in, and would not allow anyone other than mail clerks to touch the bags.[5][6]
This was an important duty and Owney was well-situated for it, as the Albany train station was a key division point on the New York Central railroad system, one of the two largest railroads in the U.S. at that time. Mail trains from Albany rolled eastward to Boston, south to New York City, and westward to Buffalo, Cleveland, Toledo, Chicago, and points further west. As a contemporary book recounted: "The terrier 'Owney' travels from one end of the country to the other in the postal cars, tagged through, petted, talked to, looked out for, as a brother, almost. But sometimes, no matter what the attention, he suddenly departs for the south, the east, or the west, and is not seen again for months."[6] In 1893 he was feared dead after having disappeared, but it turned out he was involved in an accident in Canada.[6]
As Owney's trips grew longer, the postal clerks at Albany became concerned that the dog be identified, and, if necessary returned to them. They bought a dog collar with a metal tag that read: "Owney, Post Office, Albany, New York". To this collar, the various railway post offices that saw Owney added individual dog tags. The collar and tags made the mixed-breed[1] terrier the unofficial mascot of the U.S. Railway Mail Service, and as shown by the 2011 postage stamp issued in his honor, his identifications became an essential element of his identity.[5]
Owney received tags everywhere he went, and as he moved they jingled like sleigh bells.[1] The actual number of dog tags and medals Owney received is unknown. Despite the jacket, the mass became impossible for the small dog to carry. Clerks would remove tags and forward them to Albany or Washington D.C. for safekeeping. One source suggests that 1,017 medals and tokens were bestowed upon the mascot.[7] Some of these tags did not survive; the National Postal Museum currently has 372 Owney tags in its collections.[5] Other Owney tokens, trinkets, and medals are also in the NPM collection and are displayed there.[5]
One of his more famous trips was to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. There the postmaster kept him in a kennel. A demand was sent to Albany, New York for payment for the $2.50 that was incurred in feeding him. The sum was collected, and Owney was sent back home.[8]
The Universal Postal Union was created by treaty in 1874 to standardize the shipping and handling of international mail; adherence to this pact by an increasing number of countries around what was then called the "civilized world" made it possible to extend Owney's horizons a bit. In 1895, the terrier enjoyed an around-the-world trip, riding with mail bags aboard trains and steamships. Starting from Tacoma, Washington, on August 19, he traveled for four months throughout Asia and across Europe, before returning to New York City on December 23 and from thence to Albany.[5][9] Upon his return during Christmas week, the Los Angeles Times reported that he visited Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East.[10] Another report claimed the Emperor of Japan awarded the dog two passports and several medals bearing the Japanese coat of arms. Owney's triumphant return to American shores was covered by newspapers nationwide.[11][12] Owney became world famous after the trip, even though he broke no speed records in doing it.[5][12]
As Owney aged, Post Office management came to believe that his traveling days were over. Mail clerk J. M. Elben, of St. Louis, agreed to take him in,[5] and the influential Chicago manager of the Railway Mail Service, using insulting language to refer to the "mongrel cur", asked his employees not to allow him to ride on future mail trains.[5] Owney had by this time traveled more than 143,000 miles (230,000 km) in his lifetime.[5][9]
The exact details of the incident which led to Owney's death are unclear. Newspapers around the country carried the story of Owney's death. They reported that Owney had been ill and had become aggressive in his old age. In June 1897, after allegedly attacking a postal clerk and a U.S. Marshal in Toledo, Ohio, Owney was shot and killed on the orders of the local postmaster.[5][13][14] The Chicago Tribune termed it "an execution".[15] The contemporary accounts suggest that a postal clerk in Toledo chained Owney to a post in the corner of a basement at a post office in Toledo, which was not his normal treatment. That clerk then called in a reporter for the local paper to get a story. Owney may not have been used to that treatment and that may have contributed to his aggression. Whatever the reason, it is not disputed that Owney was put down in Toledo on 11 June 1897.
Owney's death made public that a gap existed[clarification needed] between the workplace attitudes of U.S. postal clerks and their management, with the deceased dog serving as a focus of this gap. The 1890s were a foundational decade for the new discipline of scientific management, with consultants like Frederick Winslow Taylor seeking to help managers reduce what they saw as industrial inefficiencies by examining workers' "wasted time" and "slacking". Postal clerks used Owney's death, and the expressions of sadness contained in press obituaries in honor of the dog, to make a statement: "Postal clerks refused to bury their beloved mascot. Clerks across the country asked that the dog receive the honor they considered he was due by being preserved and presented to the Post Office Department's headquarters."[16] Owney's remains were preserved and sent for taxidermy.[5] In 1904, Owney's effigy was displayed by the Postal Service at the St. Louis World's Fair. A commemorative silver spoon was commissioned by Cleveland, Ohio postal workers and fashioned by "Webb C. Ball Co. Cleveland.O."[17]
Owney is the subject of an exhibit at the Smithsonian Museum.[14][18] He was sent there in 1911, and has been called one of the museum's "most interesting" artifacts.[A][16] His remains deteriorated over the intervening century, and were (along with associated artifacts) given an extensive makeover in 2011.[19][B] One of the Smithsonian's employees opined the makeover a success, and called its culmination "the big reveal".[20]
On July 27, 2011, the United States Postal Service issued a forever stamp honoring Owney.[21][22][23] Artist Bill Bond said he wanted to render the dog "in a spirited and lively" presentation, and that he wound up working from the mounted remains, as numerous trips to dog parks left him uninspired.[24] Owney was also honored locally at the Albany, New York post office.[25] The stamp was also central to an augmented reality app for Windows, Apple iPhone, iPad 2 and iPod Touch.[26]
Like his contemporary Australian counterpart— Bob the Railway Dog active from 1881–1894[27]— he was the subject of poetry. One was from a clerk in Detroit:
Another was penned by a clerk in Minnesota:
Owney has been the main character in five hardcover books,[clarification needed] and one e-book published by the National Postal Museum (of the Smithsonian Institution) in 2012 titled, Owney: Tales from the Rails, written by Jerry Rees with songs by Stephen Michael Schwartz and illustrations by Fred Cline. The book is narrated and songs are performed by Trace Adkins.[8]
