Crystal structure of the carboxyltransferase domain of the oxaloacetate decarboxylase Na+ pump from Vibrio cholerae[1]Oxaloacetate decarboxylase catalyzes the break down of oxaloacetate into pyruvate and carbon dioxide
Oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity in a given organism may be due to activity of malic enzyme, pyruvate kinase, malate dehydrogenase, pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase or the activity of "real" oxaloacetate decarboxylases. The latter enzymes catalyze the irreversible decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and can be classified into (i) the divalent cation-dependent oxaloacetate decarboxylases and (ii) the membrane-bound sodium-dependent and biotin-containing oxaloacetate decarboxylases from enterobacteria.[2][3]
Kinetic Properties
An oxaloacetate decarboxylase from the family of divalent cation dependent decarboxylases was isolated from Corynebacterium glutamicum in 1995 by Jetten et al. This enzyme selectively catalyzed the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to pyruvate and CO2 with a Km of 2.1mM, Vmax of 158 umol, and kcat of 311 s^-1.[3] Mn2+ was required for enzymatic activity with a Km of 1.2mM for Mn2+.
A oxaloacetate decarboxylase found in mitochondria and soluble cytoplasm was isolated and purified from rat liver cells in 1974 by Wojtcak et al. The enzyme was not activated by divalent cations nor inhibited by chelating agents. The determined Km value was 0.55mM and the pH optimum for the enzyme between 6.5 and 7.5.[4]
Membrane bound oxaloacetate decarboxylase was the first enzyme of the Na+ transport decarboxylase family demonstrated to act as primary Na+ pump.[5] This enzyme family includes methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase, malonate decarboxylase, and glutanoyl-CoA decarboxylase, all of which are found exclusively in anaerobic bacteria.[6]
Decarboxylating the beta-keto acid of oxaloacetate affords the necessary free energy to pump sodium ions across the lipid bilayer. The resulting sodium gradient drives the synthesis of ATP, solute transport, and motility.[7] The overall reaction catalyzed by the pump is the exchange of two intracellular Na+ ions for one extra cellular H+ ion; the reaction is initiated by the enzyme-catalyzed decarboxylation of oxaloacetate in the carboxyltransferase domain of the alpha subunit, yielding pyruvate and carboxybiotin.[8] The oxaloacetate decaboxylase pump is also reversible: at high concentrations of extracellular Na+, the pump will couple downhill movement of Na+ into the cytosol with the carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate.[9]
Members of this family of enzymes are typically trimers, composed of alpha, beta and gamma subunits.[10][11] The beta and gamma subunits are integral membrane proteins.[11][12] The ~45kDa beta subunit has nine transmembrane segments which serve to couple the decarboxylation of the carboxybiotin to the translocation of Na+ from the cytoplasm to the periplasm.[7] The small ~9kDa gamma subunit is an integral membrane protein with a single helix at the N-terminus, followed by a hydrophilic C-terminal domain which interacts with the alpha subunit. The gamma subunit is essential for the overall stability of the complex, and likely serves as an anchor to hold the alpha and beta subunits in place.[13][14] Furthermore, the gamma subunit significantly accelerates the rate of oxaloacetate decarboxylation in the alpha subunit, and this correlates with the coordination of a Zn2+ metal ion by several residues at the hydrophilic C-terminus.[8]
The alpha subunit, which is ~65kDa, is a biotinylated peripheral membrane protein on the cytosolic side of the membrane.[8] Within the alpha subunit is the carboxyl transferase (CT) domain, oxaloacetate decarboxylase gamma association domain, and biotin carboxyl carrier domain. The crystal structure of the CT domain forms a TIM barrel fold in a dimer formation that coordinates with a Zn2+ ion in a catalytic site.[13] The enzyme is completely inactivated by specific mutagenesis of Asp17, His207, and His209, which serve as ligands for the Zn2+ metal ion, or by Lys178 near the active site, suggesting that Zn2+ as well as Lys178 are essential for catalysis.[6]
^ abJetten MS, Sinskey AJ (1995). "Purification and properties of oxaloacetate decarboxylase from Corynebacterium glutamicum". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 67 (2): 221–7. doi:10.1007/bf00871217. PMID7771770. S2CID20685117.
^Wojtczak AB, Walajtys E (May 1974). "Mitochondrial oxaloacetate decarboxylase from rat liver". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 347 (2): 168–82. doi:10.1016/0005-2728(74)90042-5. PMID4407365.
^ abPDB: 2NX9; Studer R, Dahinden P, Wang WW, Auchli Y, Li XD, Dimroth P (March 2007). "Crystal structure of the carboxyltransferase domain of the oxaloacetate decarboxylase Na+ pump from Vibrio cholerae". Journal of Molecular Biology. 367 (2): 547–57. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.12.035. PMID17270211.
^Dimroth P, Hilpert W (1984-10-01). "Carboxylation of pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A by reversal of the sodium pumps oxaloacetate decarboxylase and methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase". Biochemistry. 23 (22): 5360–5366. doi:10.1021/bi00317a039.
^Schmid M, Wild MR, Dahinden P, Dimroth P (January 2002). "Subunit gamma of the oxaloacetate decarboxylase Na(+) pump: interaction with other subunits/domains of the complex and binding site for the Zn(2+) metal ion". Biochemistry. 41 (4): 1285–92. doi:10.1021/bi015764l. PMID11802728.
^ abInoue M, Li X (November 2015). "Highly active and stable oxaloacetate decarboxylase Na⁺ pump complex for structural analysis". Protein Expression and Purification. 115: 34–8. doi:10.1016/j.pep.2015.05.008. PMID25986323.
^Di Berardino M, Dimroth P (August 1995). "Synthesis of the oxaloacetate decarboxylase Na+ pump and its individual subunits in Escherichia coli and analysis of their function". European Journal of Biochemistry. 231 (3): 790–801. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20763.x. PMID7649179.
