Negatively-charged molecule made of carbon and oxygen
2D diagram of mellitateC12O6−12, one of the oxocarbon anions. Black circles are carbon atoms, red circles are oxygen atoms. Each blue halo represents one half of a negative charge.
In chemistry, an oxocarbon anion is a negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula C xOn− y for some integers x, y, and n.
The most common oxocarbon anions are carbonate, CO2−3, and oxalate, C2O2−4. There are however a large number of stable anions in this class, including several ones that have research or industrial use. There are also many unstable anions, like CO−2 and CO4−, that have a fleeting existence during some chemical reactions; and many hypothetical species, like CO4−4, that have been the subject of theoretical studies but have yet to be observed.
Stable oxocarbon anions form salts with a large variety of cations. Unstable anions may persist in very rarefied gaseous state, such as in interstellar clouds. Most oxocarbon anions have corresponding moieties in organic chemistry, whose compounds are usually esters. Thus, for example, the oxalate moiety [−O−(C=O)2−O−] occurs in the ester dimethyl oxalateH3C−O−(C=O)2−O−CH3.
Electronic structure of the carbonate ion
Space-filling model of the carbonate ion
The carbonate ion has a trigonal planar structure, point group D3h. The three C-O bonds have the same length of 136 pm and the 3 O-C-O angles are 120°. The carbon atom has 4 pairs of valence electrons, which shows that the molecule obeys the octet rule. This is one factor that contributes to the high stability of the ion, which occurs in rocks such as limestone. The electronic structure is described by two main theories which are used to show how the 4 electron pairs are distributed in a molecule that only has 3 C-O bonds.
In each canonical form there are two single bonds one double bond. The three canonical forms contribute equally to the resonance hybrid, so the three bond C-O bonds have the same length.
making a π-bond between 2 atoms of the same chemical element
With molecular orbital theory the 3-fold axis is designated as the z axis of the molecule. Three σ bonds are formed overlap of the s, px and py orbitals on the carbon atom with a p orbital on each oxygen atom. In addition, a delocalized π bond is made by overlap of the pz orbital on the carbon atom with the pz orbital on each oxygen atom which is perpendicular to the plane of the molecule.
Note that the same bonding schemes may be applied the nitrate ion, NO3−, which is isoelectronic with the carbonate ion.
Similarly, the two-fold symmetrical structure of a carboxylate group,CO– 2, may be described as a resonance hybrid of two canonical forms in valence bond theory, or with 2 σ bonds and a delocalized π bond in molecular orbital theory.
Related compounds
Oxocarbon acids
An oxocarbon anion C xOn− y can be seen as the result of removing all protons from a corresponding acid CxHnOy. Carbonate CO2− 3, for example, can be seen as the anion of carbonic acid H2CO3. Sometimes the "acid" is actually an alcohol or other species; this is the case, for example, of acetylenediolateC 2O2− 2 that would yield acetylenediol C2H2O2. However, the anion is often more stable than the acid (as is the case for carbonate);[1] and sometimes the acid is unknown or is expected to be extremely unstable (as is the case of methanetetracarboxylate C(COO−)4).
Neutralized species
Every oxocarbon anion C xOn− y can be matched in principle to the electrically neutral (or oxidized) variant CxOy, an oxocarbon (oxide of carbon) with the same composition and structure except for the negative charge. As a rule, however, these neutral oxocarbons are less stable than the corresponding anions. Thus, for example, the stable carbonate anion corresponds to the extremely unstable neutral carbon trioxide CO3;[2] oxalate C 2O2− 4 correspond to the even less stable 1,2-dioxetanedione C2O4;[3] and the stable croconate anion C 5O2− 5 corresponds to the neutral cyclopentanepentone C5O5, which has been detected only in trace amounts.[4]
Reduced variants
Conversely, some oxocarbon anions can be reduced to yield other anions with the same structural formula but greater negative charge. Thus rhodizonateC 6O2− 6 can be reduced to the tetrahydroxybenzoquinone (THBQ) anion C 6O4− 6 and then to benzenehexolateC 6O6− 6.[5]
Acid anhydrides
An oxocarbon anion C xOn− y can also be associated with the anhydride of the corresponding acid. The latter would be another oxocarbon with formula CxOy−n⁄2; namely, the acid minus n⁄2 water molecules H2O. The standard example is the connection between carbonate CO2− 3 and carbon dioxide CO2. The correspondence is not always well-defined since there may be several ways of performing this formal dehydration, including joining two or more anions to make an oligomer or polymer. Unlike neutralization, this formal dehydration sometimes yields fairly stable oxocarbons, such as mellitic anhydride C12O9 from mellitateC 12O6− 12 via mellitic acid C12H6O12[6][7][8]
Hydrogenated anions
For each oxocarbon anion C xOn− y there are in principle n−1 partially hydrogenated anions with formulas H kC xO(n−k)− y, where k ranges from 1 to n−1. These anions are generally indicated by the prefixes "hydrogen"-, "dihydrogen"-, "trihydrogen"-, etc. Some of them, however, have special names: hydrogencarbonate HCO− 3 is commonly called bicarbonate, and hydrogenoxalate HC 2O− 4 is known as binoxalate.
The hydrogenated anions may be stable even if the fully protonated acid is not (as is the case of bicarbonate).
List of oxocarbon anions
Here is an incomplete list of the known or conjectured oxocarbon anions
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DeMore W. B.; Jacobsen C. W. (1969). "Formation of carbon trioxide in the photolysis of ozone in liquid carbon dioxide". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 73 (9): 2935–2938. doi:10.1021/j100843a026.
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Herman F. Cordes; Herbert P. Richter; Carl A. Heller (1969). "Mass spectrometric evidence for the existence of 1,2-dioxetanedione (carbon dioxide dimer). Chemiluminescent intermediate". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (25): 7209. doi:10.1021/ja01053a065.
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Schröder, Detlef; Schwarz, Helmut; Dua, Suresh; Blanksby, Stephen J.; Bowie, John H. (May 1999). "Mass spectrometric studies of the oxocarbons CnOn (n = 3–6)". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 188 (1–2): 17–25. Bibcode:1999IJMSp.188...17S. doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(98)14208-2.
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Haiyan Chen, Michel Armand, Matthieu Courty, Meng Jiang, Clare P. Grey, Franck Dolhem, Jean-Marie Tarascon, and Philippe Poizot (2009), "Lithium Salt of Tetrahydroxybenzoquinone: Toward the Development of a Sustainable Li-Ion Battery" J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131(25), pp. 8984–8988 doi:10.1021/ja9024897
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Richard B. Wyrwas and Caroline Chick Jarrold (2006), "Production of C 6O− 6 from Oligomerization of CO on Molybdenum Anions". J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 128 issue 42, pages 13688–13689. doi:10.1021/ja0643927
