Ozone Park
Neighborhood of Queens
Map
Location within New York City
Country United States
State New York
CityNew York City
County/BoroughQueens
Community DistrictQueens 9, Queens 10[1][2]
Population
 (2010 United States Census)[3]
 • Total21,376 (main section only)
Ethnicity (Census 2010)
[4]
 • Hispanic37.9%
 • White30.5%
 • Asian19.4%
 • Black5.6%
 • Other6.6%
Economics
 • Median income$41,291
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
11416, 11417
Area codes718, 347, 929, and 917

Ozone Park is a neighborhood in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of Queens, New York, United States. It is next to the Aqueduct Racetrack in South Ozone Park, a popular spot for Thoroughbred racing and home to the Resorts World Casino & Hotel. Traditionally home to a large Italian-American population, Ozone Park has grown to have many residents of Caribbean, Hispanic, and Asian backgrounds.[5]

While New York City neighborhoods do not have formal boundaries, Ozone Park is considered to have a northern border at Atlantic Avenue; the southern border is North Conduit Avenue, the western border is the Brooklyn/Queens border line;[a] and the eastern border is up to 108th Street and Aqueduct Racetrack.[7]

Ozone Park is in two community districts, divided by Liberty and 103rd Avenues.[b] The southern half of the neighborhood is in Queens Community District 10,[2] which is covered by New York City Police Department's 106th Precinct,[8] while the northern half is in Queens Community District 9[1] and covered by the NYPD's 102nd Precinct.[9] Its ZIP Codes are 11416 and 11417.[1][2][10]

Etymology

The name "Ozone Park" was chosen for the development to "lure buyers with the idea of refreshing breezes blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean to a park-like community".[11] At the time, ozone, now known to be a harmful pollutant at ground level, was popularly thought to be a healthful component of fresh air such as mountain or sea breezes.[12][13]

History

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Early history

Historic clock tower built during the 1860s as part of the Lalance & Grosjean factory complex

An area now part of Ozone Park that pre-dated that community was called "Centreville". It was founded in the 1840s and was centered around Centreville Street and the Centreville Community Church. Part of Ozone Park is still called "Centreville".[14]

In the 1870s, two immigrants from France named Charles Lalance and Florian Grosjean established a factory in Woodhaven where they manufactured cooking materials and porcelain enamelware, but burned down in 1876.[15] Lalance and Grosjean built a second factory, as well as a hundred houses for workers, at Atlantic Avenue and 92nd Street in modern-day Ozone Park.[16]

During the 1870s, an economic depression caused residents of New York City to look for better housing opportunities in the suburbs of Manhattan and Brooklyn, where housing would be cheaper. In 1880, the New York, Woodhaven & Rockaway Railroad began service on the Montauk Branch and Rockaway Beach Branch from Long Island City to Howard Beach, Queens.[17] Two years later, two wealthy partners named Benjamin W. Hitchcock and Charles C. Denton bought plots of land around what would later become the Woodhaven Junction station.[18] The Rockaway Beach Branch's Ozone Park station opened in 1883.[19]

Advertisements for Ozone Park proclaimed that the development had "pure air" and "no malaria".[20] Ozone Park was called "the Harlem of Brooklyn" because at the time, as Harlem was a thriving Jewish and Italian neighborhood.[21] Hitchcock and Denton chose the "Ozone Park" name because in the 1880s, ozone was associated with breezes from the sea, and the Atlantic Ocean was located nearby.[18]

Development

Aqueduct Racetrack, in Ozone Park

The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company's Fulton Street elevated railroad line above Liberty Avenue opened in 1915, with a station at Lefferts Avenue (now Lefferts Boulevard). The elevated train system only charged a 5-cent fare.[22] The nickel fare was another major factor in the development of Ozone Park, as residents could travel across the entire elevated and subway system for 5 cents. After the opening of the elevated line, real estate developers began buying up all the lots on either side of Liberty Avenue in hopes the new station would attract more people to want to live in Ozone Park.

Extensive housing construction occurred in the 1920s.[23] The houses featured enclosed front porches, open back porches and stained-glass windows in the living rooms. Most of the houses were single family detached or semi-detached (sharing a common wall - often called a twin or a semi) built to roughly the same plan, with the living room, dining room and kitchen all in line and three bedrooms and a bath upstairs. The stairs were usually in the dining room.

The former Cross Bay Movie Theater at Rockaway Boulevard, now a Modell's Sporting Goods

During the 1920s, Woodhaven Avenue was the main north–south artery in the area, though its southern terminus was at Liberty Avenue. In conjunction with the extension of Woodhaven Avenue to the Rockaway Peninsula, the avenue was widened to 150 feet (46 m) and renamed Woodhaven Boulevard.[23] The extension itself, named Cross Bay Boulevard, opened to traffic in 1925.[24]

Because Ozone Park was now more accessible by car, the land became much more valuable, leading to a construction boom . Between 1921 and 1930, Ozone Park saw a population increase of over 180% from 40,000 to 112,950 people.

With this increase in population came the need for schools and sources of entertainment. In response to this demand came the construction of John Adams High School in 1930. This school was built just as the construction boom slowed down and right before the Great Depression.[25] The 1,800-seat Cross-Bay Movie Theatre opened in December 1924, and a 2,000-seat theater at 102nd Street and Liberty Avenue was also built during this time.[23]

One area of Ozone Park is known as "The Hole", and includes the area bounded by 75th (Ruby) Street, South Conduit Avenue, 78th Street and Linden Boulevard. It is named as such because the houses in this area were built below grade, with a ground level that is 30 feet (9.1 m) lower than the surrounding area.[26][27] The area is run-down, and suffers from frequent flooding.[28] In the 1930s, the city of New York decided to install sewers and sewer lines in Ozone Park to stop the flooding that had become a major problem. In order to install the sewers, the houses had to be raised almost an entire floor. Owners were given a stipend to raise their homes but some chose not to do so. The first floor in some of the non-raised homes subsequently became basements. In 2004, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection made plans to connect the neighborhood to the city's sewer system to combat the flooding by raising the land.[26]

Later years

The Centreville Community Church merged with the United Methodist Church of Ozone Park in 1957 and a new church, the Community Methodist Church of Ozone Park, was built at the Southeast corner of Sutter Avenue and Cross Bay Boulevard. It was completed for Christmas 1958. The old church and the property that surrounded it were sold to Aqueduct Racetrack and the old, historic church was torn down in mid-1959.

The Lalance and Grosjean factory closed in the 1960s and was left to deteriorate over two decades. In 1981, the factory complex was designated as a New York City Landmark.[29][30] What remains is now "adaptively reused" as a medical clinic. Only the factory's old clock tower remains.

In 1996, a scandal broke surrounding two Ozone Park Jewish cemeteries, Mokom Sholom Cemetery and Bayside Cemetery, which share a coterminous tract bounded by 80th and 84th Streets and Liberty and Pitkin Avenues (the adjoining Acacia Cemetery was not involved). Allegations of the re-using of graves of long-dead mostly infants and small children from the mid-to-late 19th century, for re-sale to recent Russian Jewish immigrants, were made against the owners of Mokom Sholom. In addition, Mokom Sholom and Bayside had also been damaged by a combination of vandals, grave-robbers, and self-styled necromancers, though the former was affected to a greater extent.[31] WABC-TV reported on damage to Mokom Sholom, while damage to Bayside was repaired through philanthropic efforts, headed by the late city councilman Al C. Stabile.

Demographics

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Ozone Park was 21,376, an increase of 324 (1.5%) from the 21,052 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 576.32 acres (233.23 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 37.1 inhabitants per acre (23,700/sq mi; 9,200/km2).[3]

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 30.5% (6,511) White, 5.6% (1,188) African American, 0.4% (82) Native American, 19.4% (4,143) Asian, 0.0% (2) Pacific Islander, 2.6% (559) from other races, and 3.6% (779) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 37.9% (8,112) of the population.[4]

The entirety of Community Board 10, which comprises Howard Beach, southern Ozone Park (south of 103rd Avenue), and South Ozone Park, had 125,603 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.7 years.[32]: 2, 20  This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[33]: 53 (PDF p. 84) [34] Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 22% are between the ages of between 0–17, 28% between 25 and 44, and 28% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 13% respectively.[32]: 2 

As of 2017, the median household income in Community Board 10 was $73,891.[35] In 2018, an estimated 19% of Ozone Park and Howard Beach residents lived in poverty, compared to 19% in all of Queens and 20% in all of New York City. One in ten residents (10%) were unemployed, compared to 8% in Queens and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 56% in Howard Beach and South Ozone Park, higher than the boroughwide and citywide rates of 53% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, Ozone Park and Howard Beach are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.[32]: 7 

Demographic changes

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Since its beginnings, Ozone Park has been largely populated by various groups of immigrants. The first wave were French immigrants associated with a pot factory on Atlantic Avenue. Germans and the Irish made up a large part of Ozone Park in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Eventually Italians started to migrate into Ozone Park from East New York, Brooklyn. Most of the current Italians in the neighborhood are originally from Brooklyn. A significant Polish population also developed based around Saint Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Roman Catholic Church and its associated elementary school.

At the turn of the 21st century immigrants from Latin America, South Asia (Bangladesh), the West Indies, and South America (Indo-Guyanese & Indo-Surinamese) moved in, adding a diverse atmosphere to the neighborhood, which is especially apparent along 101st Avenue and Liberty Avenue near the neighborhood's border with Richmond Hill.[11] The neighborhood was largely Italian-American; however, these new arrivals have made Ozone Park become one of the fastest-growing and most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in New York City. There is a large Hispanic population in Ozone Park, mainly concentrated in the northern portion of the neighborhood near the Woodhaven border, and an African-American minority, spread throughout the neighborhood.

Residents vary from working-class to middle-class families, who own or rent private homes on the neighborhood's tree-lined residential streets.

Subsections

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Census data from the late 18th century shows how Ozone Park was a sparsely populated neighborhood because of the lack of transportation. By 1915, the Fulton Street Line opened, connecting Ozone Park with the rest of New York City, thus starting the enormous influx by the Italians. Ozone Park then formed many smaller sub-neighborhoods with specific identities.

Rockaway Boulevard in South Ozone Park

Other sections

Centreville, which still uses this name, is bordered by Aqueduct on the east, Cross Bay Boulevard on the west, North Conduit Avenue on the south, and Rockaway Boulevard on the north. Liberty Heights is a triangular area bordered by Liberty Avenue on the south, diagonal-running 101st Avenue (Jerome Avenue) from the southwest to the northeast, and Woodhaven Boulevard to the east. Balsam Village was named after Balsam Farms, which sold off parcels of land for development, and is bordered by Liberty Avenue and North Conduit Avenue on the north, 84th Street on the west, and Cross Bay Boulevard on the east.

Tudor Village, in southwestern Ozone Park, is extremely small, consisting of approximately two hundred and fifty homes; it spans only five residential streets and two avenues. Its population consists mostly of Italian Americans. Its residents consist of approximately six hundred people. The village was incorporated in the late 1800s and has since flourished. Tudor Village hosts suburban tree-lined streets with what is referred to as the "Tudor Malls" in its center, boasting floral arrangements throughout.

The village is also home to Tudor Park, a 20-acre (81,000 m2) recreational park which features a baseball field, racquetball courts, picnic area, and a fountain as well as a playground. Located on the southeast end of the village are another baseball field and benches and shaded areas for resting. Tudor Village is on the border of Howard Beach.

Also inside of Ozone Park are areas named Magnolia Court (95th St & 150th Rd), Park Village (Tahoe St & North Conduit Ave), Kaybern Court (97-52 75th St), Ozone Plaza (84-23 103rd Ave), Dumont Village (Dumont Ave & 85th St), Greentree Condos (Albert Road & 95 St), Albert Gardens (94-20 Albert Rd), Newlyn Estates (85-22 Dumont Ave), and Sterling Manor (105-25 88th St).

Police and crime

Howard Beach, southern Ozone Park (south of 103rd Avenue), and South Ozone Park are patrolled by the 106th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 103-53 101 Street.[8] The 106th Precinct ranked 26th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. The rate of car thefts is high because of the area's proximity to the Belt Parkway, a major travel corridor.[36] As of 2018, with a non-fatal assault rate of 32 per 100,000 people, Howard Beach and South Ozone Park's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 381 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.[32]: 8 

The 106th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 81.3% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 6 murders, 16 rapes, 183 robberies, 246 felony assaults, 133 burglaries, 502 grand larcenies, and 97 grand larcenies auto in 2018.[37]

In the 1980s, the 106th Precinct became the source and scene of several police brutality incidents, including the stun gunning of high schooler Mark Davidson on April 17, 1985, who was arrested on marijuana possession charges.[38] One of the officers, Michael Aranda, accused of stun-gunning Davidson was later acquitted in 1991.[39]

Fire safety

New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire station, Engine Co. 285/Ladder Co. 142, is located at 103-17 98th Street.[40][41]

Health

As of 2018, preterm births are more common in Ozone Park and Howard Beach than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Howard Beach and South Ozone Park, there were 97 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 14.2 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).[32]: 11  Ozone Park and Howard Beach have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 8%, lower than the citywide rate of 12%.[32]: 14 

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Ozone Park and Howard Beach is 0.0068 milligrams per cubic metre (6.8×10−9 oz/cu ft), less than the city average.[32]: 9  Twelve percent of Ozone Park and Howard Beach residents are smokers, which is lower than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[32]: 13  In Howard Beach and South Ozone Park, 27% of residents are obese, 19% are diabetic, and 34% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 22%, 8%, and 23% respectively.[32]: 16  In addition, 21% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[32]: 12 

Eighty-three percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 77% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", about equal to the city's average of 78%.[32]: 13  For every supermarket in Howard Beach and South Ozone Park, there are 8 bodegas.[32]: 10 

The nearest major hospitals are Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center in Brooklyn[42] and Jamaica Hospital in Jamaica.[43]

Post office and ZIP Codes

Ozone Park is covered by the ZIP Code 11416 north of 103rd Avenue and 11417 south of 103rd Avenue.[44] The United States Post Office operates both zip codes out of the Ozone Park Station at 91-11 Liberty Avenue.[45]

Transportation

Numerous New York City Bus routes stop in the area, such as the Q7, Q8, Q11, Q21, Q24, Q41, Q52 SBS, Q53 SBS and Q112. The B15 runs through the neighborhood without stopping.[46] The New York City Subway's IND Fulton Street Line (A train) and IND Rockaway Line (A train) also run through the neighborhood.[47]

Politics and government

In the 2016 Presidential election, most precincts in Ozone Park voted for the Democratic Party candidate, Hillary Clinton, over her Republican Party opponent Donald Trump by a margin of over 50%.[48]

Ozone Park is split between 5th, and 7th. [49] These districts are represented by Gregory Meeks and Nydia Velazquez, respectively, as of 2018.[50]

Ozone Park is part of the 10th,and 15th State Senate districts, represented by James Sanders Jr., and Joseph Addabbo Jr. respectively,[51] and the 23rd, 31st, and 38th State Assembly districts, represented by Stacey Pheffer Amato, Khaleel Anderson, and Jenifer Rajkumar respectively.[52] It is part of Districts 28, 29 and 32 in the New York City Council, respectively represented by Adrienne Adams Lynn Schulman and Joann Ariola.[53]

Education

Ozone Park and Howard Beach generally have a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018. While 28% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 23% have less than a high school education and 49% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 39% of Queens residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.[32]: 6  The percentage of Ozone Park and Howard Beach students excelling in math rose from 33% in 2000 to 61% in 2011, and reading achievement rose from 37% to 48% during the same time period.[54]

Ozone Park and Howard Beach's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is less than the rest of New York City. In Howard Beach and South Ozone Park, 18% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, lower than the citywide average of 20%.[33]: 24 (PDF p. 55) [32]: 6  Additionally, 82% of high school students in Ozone Park and Howard Beach graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.[32]: 6 

Schools

PS 63

Public schools

Private schools

Closed schools

Library

The Queens Public Library operates the Ozone Park branch at 92-24 Rockaway Boulevard.[66]

In popular culture

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Ozone Park has served as the setting and subject of numerous media works.

Film

Television

Notable events

Notable people

Jack Kerouac lived above this flower shop in Ozone Park. It was a drug store at the time.

See also: Category:People from Ozone Park, Queens

Notable current and former residents of Ozone Park include:

Notes

  1. ^ The border with Brooklyn runs on a zigzag. Going south from Atlantic Avenue, it travels south on Eldert Lane, east on 95th Avenue, south on Drew Street, east on Liberty Avenue, south om 75th Street, and east on North Conduit Avenue.[6]
  2. ^ The border of Community Districts 9 and 10 is Liberty Avenue west of 84th Street and 103rd Avenue east of 84th Street

References

  1. ^ a b c "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
  3. ^ a b Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
  4. ^ a b Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.
  5. ^ Lasky, Julie. "Ozone Park, Queens: A Congenial Area Welcomes a New Wave of Residents; In the past decade, the neighborhood has seen a 'tremendous transformation,' with new developments and an increasingly diverse population.", The New York Times, October 10, 2018. Accessed September 26, 2021. "In recent decades, Ozone Park has attracted Hispanics, East Asians, South Asians and Indo-Caribbeans. Stoop talk is in a mixed bouquet of languages, and the homemade signs tacked to utility poles are as likely to be in Bengali as English."
  6. ^ Liff, Bob (April 27, 1999). "Where City Drew the Line – Double Lives the Norm in Border Nabe". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
  7. ^ "2008 Map of Queens neighborhoods". Archived from the original on July 31, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
  8. ^ a b "NYPD – 106th Precinct". www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  9. ^ "NYPD – 102nd Precinct". www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  10. ^ Queens Boards, New York City. Accessed January 26, 2024.
  11. ^ a b Shaman, Diana. "If You're Thinking of Living In/Ozone Park; Changing Faces, Enduring Values", The New York Times, October 5, 2003. Accessed August 30, 2018. "Housing development dates to the late 19th century, when two partners, Benjamin W. Hitchcock and Charles C. Denton, began carving farmland into building lots after the New York, Woodhaven & Rockaway Rail Road opened service in 1880 from Long Island City to Howard Beach. The developers chose the name Ozone Park to lure buyers with the idea of refreshing breezes blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean to a parklike community."
  12. ^ Hill, L.; Flack, M. (December 28, 1911). "The Physiological Influence of Ozone". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 84 (573): 404–415. Bibcode:1911RSPSB..84..404H. doi:10.1098/rspb.1911.0086. "Ozone has been extolled as the active health-giving agent in mountain and sea air, its virtues have been vaunted as a therapeutic agent, until these have, by mere reiteration, become part and parcel of common belief; and yet exact physiological evidence in favour of its good effects has been hitherto almost entirely wanting."
  13. ^ Pollak, Michael. "F.Y.I.: Real Money Men", The New York Times, May 29, 2009. Accessed August 30, 2018. "The name sprang from the fancy of two 19th-century developers, Benjamin W. Hitchcock and Charles C. Denton, who bought farmland and created building lots after a railroad opened in 1880 from Long Island City to Howard Beach. They decided to call their development Ozone Park to promote the idea of cool, clean breezes blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. Fresh air is one of the meanings of ozone."
  14. ^ Centreville Forgotten New York
  15. ^ "Losses By Fire.; Destruction Of The Lalance And Grosjean Manufactory At Woodhaven,Long Island--Loss $400,000". The New York Times. February 21, 1876. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  16. ^ Kennedy, Shawn G. (July 29, 1984). "If You're Thinking Of Living In: Ozone Park". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  17. ^ "New Route To Rockaway. Steel Rails And Superior Rolling Stock. Extra Trains To Be Run To-day". New York Times. August 29, 1880. Retrieved November 5, 2012. The New-York, Woodhaven and Rockaway Railroad, which began operations on Thursday last, has already grown into popular savor by reason of the comparative shortness of the route and the superior accommodation
  18. ^ a b Shaman, Diana (October 5, 2003). "If You're Thinking of Living In/Ozone Park; Changing Faces, Enduring Values". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  19. ^ "A Grand Success". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. May 14, 1883. p. 1.
  20. ^ "Ozone Park". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. September 8, 1882. p. 3.
  21. ^ "Ozone Park". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. August 29, 1884. p. 3.
  22. ^ "NEW ELEVATED LINE OPENED FOR QUEENS; Parades and Speeches Near the Lefferts Avenue Station of Liberty Avenue Route. EXTENDS 5-CENT FARE ZONE Children's Placards with Demands for School Improvements a Surprise to Committee". The New York Times. September 26, 1915. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  23. ^ a b c "Cross Bay Boulevard Completed in 1925 Gives Impetus to Seaside Development". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, NY. December 7, 1924. p. 72.
  24. ^ Staff. "Jamaica Bay Highway Ready This Month; New $7,000,000 Boulevard Will Be Open to Motorists the Week of Oct. 26.", The New York Times, October 11, 1925. accessed August 30, 2018. "The Jamaica Bay Boulevard, which will run from Liberty Avenue, Ozone Park, Queens, to Rockaway Beach, shortening the distance between the Rockaway peninsula and Manhattan and Brooklyn nearly ten miles, will be opened to public traffic late this month. When completed its cost will have been $6,935,972."
  25. ^ "CITY SPEEDS WORK ON 51 NEW SCHOOLS". The New York Times. August 6, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  26. ^ a b Fisher, Janon (October 17, 2004). "Echoes of the Wild West Mark an Urban Frontier". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
  27. ^ "Brooklyn's Lost Neighborhood: The Hole". The L Magazine. October 27, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
  28. ^ "Two Water Tables". BLDGBLOG. April 3, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  29. ^ Purnick, Joyce (July 9, 1980). "Landmark Status Sought for Factory Site in Queens; Economic Factors Involved". The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  30. ^ "Landmarks Preservation Commission Hearing July 8, 1980" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. February 10, 1981. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  31. ^ Leduff, Charlie (November 24, 1996). "3 Cemeteries Are Haunted By Vandals". The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "South Ozone Park and Howard Beach (Including Howard Beach, Lindenwood, Old Howard Beach, Ozone Park and South Ozone Park)" (PDF). nyc.gov. NYC Health. 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  33. ^ a b "2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  34. ^ "New Yorkers are living longer, happier and healthier lives". New York Post. June 4, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  35. ^ "NYC-Queens Community District 10--Howard Beach & Ozone Park PUMA, NY". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  36. ^ "Ozone Park and Howard Beach – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report". www.dnainfo.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  37. ^ "106th Precinct CompStat Report" (PDF). www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  38. ^ Coakley, Michael (April 28, 1985). "New York Shaken By Charges Of Stun-Gun Torture By Police". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  39. ^ Fried, Joseph P. (June 4, 1991). "6 Years Later, Queens Officer Is Cleared in Stun-Gun Case". The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  40. ^ "Engine Company 285/Ladder Company 142". FDNYtrucks.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  41. ^ "FDNY Firehouse Listing – Location of Firehouses and companies". NYC Open Data; Socrata. New York City Fire Department. September 10, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
  42. ^ New York City Health Provider Partnership Brooklyn Community Needs Assessment: Final Report, New York Academy of Medicine (October 3, 2014).
  43. ^ Finkel, Beth (February 27, 2014). "Guide To Queens Hospitals". Queens Tribune. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  44. ^ "Howard Beach, New York City-Queens, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY)". United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA). Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
  45. ^ "Location Details: Ozone Park". USPS.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  46. ^ "Queens Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  47. ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  48. ^ Bloch, Matthew; Buchanan, Larry; Katz, Josh; Quealy, Kevin (July 25, 2018). "An Extremely Detailed Map of the 2016 Presidential Election". The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  49. ^ New York City Congressional Districts, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.
  50. ^ "House Election Results: Democrats Take Control". The New York Times. November 19, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  51. ^ "2012 Senate District Maps: New York City" (PDF). The New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
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