Paul Klein (25 January 1652 – 30 August 1717), also called Pablo Clain (Latin: Paulus Klein, Czech: Pavel Klein), was a Bohemian Jesuit missionary, pharmacist,[1] botanist, author of an astronomic observation, writer, rector of Colegio de Cavite as well as the rector of Colegio de San José and later Jesuit provincial superior in the Philippines, the highest ranking Jesuit official in the country. Klein is known as an important personality of life during the 18th-century Manila.[2]

Klein is known for writing a standardized Tagalog dictionary as well as the first person to describe Palau for the Europeans and to draw the first map of Palau,[3] an act which practically equated to the discovery of Palau. He wrote the first astronomic observation from Manila of a lunar eclipse and an overview of medicinal plants in local as well as European languages as well as recipes for their usage.

Life

Klein was born in Cheb, Kingdom of Bohemia (now Czechia) on 25 January 1652. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1669 and applied for travel to the colonies in 1678. Klein traveled to the Philippines alongside the fourth Jesuit mission dispatched from Bohemia in 1678, which consisted mostly of doctors and pharmacists[4] through Genoa, Spain and Mexico, arriving to the Philippines in 1682.

Klein first became a pharmacist. Pharmacy in those days was closely connected to the use of herbs and botanizing. Klein thus became the first person to describe native Philippine medicinal plants, using their names in several languages including Tagalog, Visayan and Kapampangan when he published his renowned Remedios fáciles para diferentes enfermedades... in 1712.

Klein was a respected educator, a professor at the Jesuit college, and later the rector of Colegio de Cavite and Colegio de San José. He published several religious texts. He played an important role in the establishment of the Religious of the Virgin Mary in 1684 in Manila as the spiritual director of the congregation's founder. He is regarded by the said congregation as their second founder.

In 1686 Klein described the lunar eclipse in Manila (published in Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, vol. 7, Paris). During the years of 1708-1712 Klein reached to the highest Jesuit position, becoming the provincial superior of the Jesuit order in the Philippines. He died on 30 August 1717 in Manila.

Languages and Tagalog dictionary

Klein's main language and the language of several of his letters sent back home to Bohemia was Czech.[5] Besides Czech, Klein also spoke Latin (which was the main language of his correspondence), Spanish, German and later he learned the Philippine languages of Tagalog, Cebuano and Kapampangan.

Klein became the author of the first substantial Tagalog dictionary, later passing it over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez.[6] Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly reedited with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.[7][8]

Discovery of Palau

In 1696 a group of natives were stranded on the northern coast of the Philippine island of Samar. Paul Klein was able to meet them on 28 December 1696 and to send a letter in June 1697 to the Jesuit superior general,[9] in which he described this encounter and included the first ever map of Palau sketched from a set of 87 pebbles arranged by the islanders,[10] representing the approximate map. Klein's letter reappears again and again in later documents. It is considered a key map, giving strong stimulus to a new missionary endeavour from the Philippine Jesuits. The first ships were sent to the islands in 1700, 1708 and 1709 but sunk, the first boat finally arriving to Palau in 1710.

Works

Because of his previous studies of pharmacy, Klein described medicinal plants of the Philippines and collected their names in the languages of Latin, Spanish, Tagalog, Visayan and Kapampangan as well as their use in medicine. Probably the best known are his recipes of medicines made of local herbs and ingredients published in 1712. In comparison to the vast pharmaceutical, medical and scientific work done by his compatriot Georg Joseph Kamel, which stirred interest in Europe, Klein's latter work was mainly focused on curing Filipinos while using local languages.[11] Many of his formulations are still commonly used today.[12]

Besides his botanical and pharmaceutical work, Klein also authored many religious publications, published in Manila in Spanish and in Tagalog.

References

  1. ^ H. de la Costa, S.J.: The Jesuits in the Philippines, 1581-1768, Ateneo de Manila University Press, Manila 2014
  2. ^ H. de la Costa, S.J.: The Jesuits in the Philippines, 1581-1768, Ateneo de Manila University Press, Manila 2014
  3. ^ http://micsem.org/pubs/articles/religion/frames/cathmissionsfr.htm Francis X. Hezel, SJ , Catholic Missions in the Carolines and Marshall Islands
  4. ^ Renée Gicklhorn: Missionsapotheker. Deutsche Pharmazeuten im Lateinamerika des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart 1973: 65-70;
  5. ^ Latinská korespondence českých jezuitů z Ameriky, Filipín a Marián v českých a moravských archivech; p. 98
  6. ^ Juan José de Noceda, Pedro de Sanlucar, Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, Manila 2013, pg iv, Komision sa Wikang Filipino
  7. ^ Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, Manila 1860 at Google Books
  8. ^ Juan José de Noceda, Pedro de Sanlucar, Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, Manila 2013, Komision sa Wikang Filipino
  9. ^ Diego Davin, Cartas de las Misiones Extranjeras, Madrid 1753, pg. 63-93 of the original text[dead link]
  10. ^ http://micsem.org/pubs/articles/religion/frames/cathmissionsfr.htm Francis X. Hezel, SJ , Catholic Missions in the Carolines and Marshall Islands
  11. ^ http://subsite.icu.ac.jp/iacs/journal_page/PDF/ACS38PDF/ACS38_11Joven.pdf Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine Spanish Medicine in the Philippines in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
  12. ^ * J. a M. Martínkovi: Kdo byl kdo - naši cestovatelé a geografové, Libri, Praha 1998: 236;
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