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((short description|Historic baroque and neoclassical palace-monastery in Mafra, Portugal))
((More citations needed|date=March 2014))
((Infobox building
| name            = National Palace of Mafra
| native_name     = Palácio Nacional de Mafra
| native_name_lang = pt
| image         = Europa - Portugal - Lisboa - Mafra - Palacio (cropped).jpg
| image_upright = 
| caption       = Main façade of the palace 
| location      = [[Mafra, Portugal|Mafra]], Portugal
| coordinates   = ((coord|38.9369|-9.3258|format=dms|region:PT_type:landmark|display=inline,title))
| embedded            = 
((Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| Official_name = Royal Building of Mafra – Palace, Basilica, Convent, Cerco Garden and Hunting Park (Tapada)
| criteria      = ((UNESCO WHS type|(iv)))(iv)
| ID            = 1573
| year          = 2019
| area          = ((convert|1,213.17|ha|acre|abbr=on))
| buffer_zone   = ((convert|693.239|ha|acre|abbr=on))
))
((designation list
| embed=yes
| designation1          = Portugal
| designation1_type     = Non-movable
| designation1_criteria = National Monument
| designation1_date     = 10 January 1907
| designation1_number   = IPA.00006381
))
))

The '''Palace of Mafra''' (((lang-pt|Palácio de Mafra))), also known as the '''Palace-Convent of Mafra''' and the '''Royal Building of Mafra''' (((lang|pt|Real Edifício de Mafra))), is a monumental [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] palace-monastery located in [[Mafra, Portugal|Mafra]], Portugal, some 28 kilometres from [[Lisbon]]. Construction began in 1717 under King [[John V of Portugal]] and was completely concluded in 1755.

The palace was classified as a [[List of national monuments of Portugal|National Monument]] in 1910 and was also a finalist in the [[Seven Wonders of Portugal]]. On 7 July 2019, the Royal Building of Mafra – Palace, [[Basilica]], Convent, Cerco Garden and Hunting Park ([[Tapada Nacional de Mafra|Tapada]]) was inscribed as a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>((cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2005/|title=Six cultural sites added to UNESCO's World Heritage List|website=UNESCO|date=7 July 2019))</ref>

==History==
[[File:22531-Mafra (49043847136).jpg|thumb|left|Scale model of the Royal Building of Mafra in the palace museum.]]
The [[palace]], which also served as a [[Franciscan]] [[friary]], was built during the reign of [[John V of Portugal|King John V]] (1717–1750), as consequence of a [[vow]] the king made in 1711, to build a convent if his wife, [[Maria Anna of Austria|Queen Mariana]],<ref>Born "Maria Anna" of Austria but known as "Mariana" in Portugal</ref> gave him offspring. The birth of his first daughter the [[Barbara of Portugal|Infanta Barbara of Portugal]], prompted construction of the palace to begin. The palace was conveniently located near royal hunting preserves, and was usually a secondary residence for the royal family.

The construction was funded in large part from the proceeds of the colonies in Brazil, where gold and then diamonds were mined in vast quantities.<ref>Richard Hamblyn ''Terra'', Picador, 2009 ((ISBN|978-0-330-49073-3))</ref>

This vast complex, largely built of [[Lioz]] stone, is among the most sumptuous Baroque buildings in Portugal and at 40,000 m<sup>2</sup>, one of the largest royal palaces. Designed by the German architect [[João Frederico Ludovice|Johann Friedrich Ludwig (João Frederico Ludovice)]], the palace was built symmetrically from a central axis, occupied by the [[basilica]], and continues lengthwise through the main [[façade]] until two major towers. The structures of the convent are located behind the main façade. The building also includes a major library, with about 30,000 rare books.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.cm-mafra.pt/en/turismo/palacio-nacional-de-mafra-0|title=Palácio Nacional de Mafra|date=2015-06-18|work=Câmara Municipal de Mafra|access-date=2018-04-09|archive-date=2018-04-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409010101/http://www.cm-mafra.pt/en/turismo/palacio%2Dnacional%2Dde%2Dmafra%2D0|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.palaciomafra.gov.pt/pt-PT/biblioteca/ContentList.aspx|title=Palácio Nacional de Mafra - Biblioteca|website=www.palaciomafra.gov.pt|language=pt|access-date=2018-04-09))</ref> The basilica is decorated with several Italian statues<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.palaciomafra.gov.pt/pt-PT/basilicamenu/ContentList.aspx|title=Palácio Nacional de Mafra - Basílica|website=www.palaciomafra.gov.pt|language=pt|access-date=2018-04-09))</ref> and includes six historical [[pipe organs]]<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.palaciomafra.gov.pt/pt-PT/basilicamenu/orgaos/ContentList.aspx|title=Palácio Nacional de Mafra - Órgãos|website=www.palaciomafra.gov.pt|language=pt|access-date=2018-04-09))</ref> and two [[carillon]]s, composed of 98 bells.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.cm-mafra.pt/en/turismo/palacio-nacional-de-mafra-history|title=Palácio Nacional de Mafra, History|date=2015-06-18|work=Câmara Municipal de Mafra|access-date=2018-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322154852/http://www.cm-mafra.pt/en/turismo/palacio-nacional-de-mafra-history|archive-date=2019-03-22|url-status=dead|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.palaciomafra.gov.pt/pt-PT/basilicamenu/carrilhoesmenu/ContentList.aspx|title=Palácio Nacional de Mafra - Carrilhões|website=www.palaciomafra.gov.pt|language=pt|access-date=2018-04-09))</ref>

===Construction===
The exact site was chosen in 1713 and purchased in 1716. Construction began by the laying of the first stone on November 17, 1717, with a grand ceremony in the presence of the king, his entire court and the Cardinal Patriarch of Lisbon.
[[File:Planta do Palácio de Mafra.jpg|thumb|right|Floorplan of the palatial complex.]]
Initially it was a relatively small project for a friary of 13 [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] [[friars]], who were to observe strict poverty. However, when the flow of [[gold]] and [[diamonds]] from the [[Colonial Brazil|Portuguese colony of Brazil]] started to arrive in [[Lisbon]] in abundance, the king changed his plans and announced the construction of a sumptuous palace<ref>The construction of the palace was so costly that it consumed virtually all of the Brazilian gold, which might otherwise have been used to benefit the general economy of Portugal.  Toby Green, ''Inquisition: The Reign of Fear'', p. 315.</ref> along with a much enlarged friary. This immense wealth allowed the king to be a generous patron of the arts.
[[File:John V of Portugal Pompeo Batoni.jpg|thumb|left|upright|King [[John V of Portugal]], constructor of the palace.]]
He appointed an architect [[João Frederico Ludovice]] as director of the royal works at Mafra. Ludwig had studied architecture in [[Rome]] and knew contemporary Italian art. The extent of Ludwig's responsibility is unclear, as several other architects were involved in this project: the [[Milan]]ese builder Carlos Baptista Garbo, Custódio Vieira, [[Manuel da Maia]] and even his own son António. However the application of the same architectural style over the whole building suggests the work of Ludwig as the head-architect in charge of the Royal Office of Works (''Real Obra'').

Construction lasted 13 years and mobilized a vast army of workers from the entire country (a daily average of 15,000 but at the end climbing to 30,000 and a maximum of 45,000), under the command of António Ludovice, the son of the architect.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.cesdies.net/monumento-de-mafra-virtual/ludovice-arquitecto-ou-capataz |title=Ludovice, Arquitecto ou Capataz |website=Monumento de Mafra Virtual |language=Portuguese |access-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307031411/http://www.cesdies.net/monumento-de-mafra-virtual/ludovice-arquitecto-ou-capataz |archive-date=March 7, 2021))</ref> In addition 7,000 soldiers were assigned to preserve order at the construction site.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.monumentos.gov.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=6381|title=Palácio Nacional de Mafra|website=Monumentos|language=en|access-date=2018-04-13))</ref> They used 400&nbsp;kg of gunpowder to blast through the bedrock for the laying of foundations. There was even a hospital for the sick or wounded workers. A total of 1,383 workers died during the construction.<ref>((cite web |url=https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/40604/8/ulfpie053484_tm_anexo7.pdf |title=Guiao de Vista de Estudo: Palaciio-Convento de Mafra |date=2018 |publisher=Colegio de Sao Tomas |language=Portuguese |access-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185820/https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/40604/8/ulfpie053484_tm_anexo7.pdf |archive-date=March 22, 2020))</ref>

The facade is 220 meters long. The whole complex covers 37,790 m<sup>2</sup> with about 1,200 rooms, more than 4,700 doors and windows, and 156 stairways.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/pt/museus-e-monumentos/dgpc/m/palacio-nacional-de-mafra/|title=National Palace of Mafra|website=www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt|language=pt|access-date=2018-04-09))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.palaciomafra.gov.pt/pt-PT/Geral/ContentList.aspx|title=Palácio Nacional de Mafra - Real Obra de Mafra|website=www.palaciomafra.gov.pt|language=pt|access-date=2018-04-09))</ref>

When complete the building consisted of a friary capable of sheltering 330 friars, along with a royal palace and a huge library of 30,000 books, embellished with [[marble]], exotic woods and countless artworks taken from France, Flanders and Italy, which included [[The six organs in the Palace of Mafra|six monumental pipe organs]] and the two carillons.

The basilica and the convent were inaugurated on the day of the King's 41st birthday on October 22, 1730. The festivities lasted for 8 days and were of a scale never seen before in Portugal. The basilica was dedicated to Our Lady and to [[Anthony of Padua|St. Anthony]].

However the building was not finished. The lantern on the cupola was completed in 1735. Work continued until 1755, when the work force was needed in Lisbon by the devastations of the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Lisbon earthquake]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.aportugueseaffair.com/mafra-national-palace/ |title=The Mafra National Palace in Numbers |date=April 27, 2017 |website=A Portuguese Affair |access-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828162219/https://www.aportugueseaffair.com/mafra-national-palace/ |archive-date=August 28, 2022))</ref>

===Later history===
[[File:Palácio Nacional de Mafra (1853).jpg|thumb|left|The palace in 1853, during the reign of Queen [[Maria II of Portugal]].]]
[[File:Mosteiro de Mafra - Gazeta CF 1169 1936 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Aerial photograph of the palace taken in 1936.]]
The palace was not occupied permanently by the royalty, who considered the rooms too gloomy. Nonetheless, it was a popular destination for the members of the royal family who enjoyed hunting in the nearby game preserve, the ''[[Tapada Nacional de Mafra]]''. During the reign of King [[John VI of Portugal|John VI]] the palace was inhabited for a whole year in 1807. The king was responsible for a partial renovation of the building by some well-known artists. However, with the [[Invasion of Portugal (1807)|French invasion]] of Portugal, in 1807, the [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|royal family fled to Brazil]], taking with them some of the best pieces of art and furniture in the building. [[Marshal Junot]] took up residence in the palace, to be driven out in turn by Wellington.

In 1834, after the [[Liberal Wars]], Queen [[Maria II of Portugal|Maria II]] ordered the dissolution of the [[religious orders]] and the convent was abandoned by the Franciscans. During the last reigns of the [[House of Braganza]], the palace was mainly used as a base for hunting. In 1849 the monastery part of the building was assigned to the military, a situation still in use today.((citation needed|date=March 2014))

The last king of Portugal, [[Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel II]], following the [[5 October 1910 revolution|proclamation of the republic]], left on 5 October 1910 from the palace to the nearby coastal village of [[Ericeira]] on his way to exile. The palace was declared a national monument in 1907.((citation needed|date=March 2014)) At present, the building is [[Architectural conservation|conserved]] by the Portuguese Institute of the Architectonic Patrimony, which carried out several recovery programs, including the conservation of the main [[façade]]. A major restoration of the historical pipe organs began in 1998 with the collaboration of foreign experts and was finished in 2010.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.palaciomafra.pt/Data/Documents/Orgaos_PM.pdf |title=Os seis órgãos de Mafra |publisher=PN Mafra |language=Portuguese |access-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112212552/http://www.palaciomafra.pt/Data/Documents/Orgaos_PM.pdf |archive-date=November 12, 2014))</ref> The restoration won the Europa Nostra 2012 award.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.snpcultura.org/restauro_seis_orgaos_basilica_mafra_distinguido_galardao_europa_nostra.html|title = Restauro dos seis órgãos da Basílica de Mafra distinguido com galardão "Europa Nostra" &#124; Secretariado Nacional da Pastoral da Cultura))</ref>

==Description==
[[File:2640 Mafra, Portugal - panoramio (1 cropped).jpg|thumb|center|800px|((center|Main façade of the Royal Building of Mafra, designed by architect [[João Frederico Ludovice]].))]]

=== Façade ===
The imposing façade, built of local [[limestone]], is 220 m long and faces the town of Mafra. At each end of the façade stands a square tower with a bulbous dome, such as found in Central Europe. The church, built in white marble, is located in the centre of the main façade, symmetrically flanked on both sides by the royal palace. The king, wishing to rival the splendour of Rome, had sought architectural advice from his ambassador to the [[Holy See|Vatican]], who sent him small-scale models of important Roman religious buildings. The benedictal balcony at its centre is clearly mirrored on the balcony of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome. But this balcony is rather intended for the king, as a symbol of his power, than for the benedictions by a [[prelate]].

The two church towers (68 m high) are inspired by the towers of [[Sant'Agnese in Agone]] (by the Roman Baroque architect [[Francesco Borromini]]). Their two [[carillon]]s contain a total of 92 church bells, founded in [[Antwerp]]. The story goes that the Flemish bell-founders were so astonished by the size of their commission, that they asked to be paid in advance. The king retorted by doubling the offered amount. These carillons constitute the largest historical collection in the world.

The two towers are connected by two rows of [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns. The top row contains the statues of [[St. Dominic]] and [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis]], sculpted from [[Carrara]] marble, standing in a niche on each side of the balcony. The lower row contains the statues of [[St. Clara]] and St. [[Elisabeth of Hungary]].

=== Royal Palace ===
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="130px" perrow="2">
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File:Palácio Nacional de Mafra - Portugal (46300861054).jpg|
File:Palácio Nacional de Mafra - Portugal (28470989227).jpg|
</gallery>
The spacious royal apartments are situated on the second floor. The apartments of the king are situated at the end of the palace while the apartment of the queen is 200 m away at the other end. Such was this distance that, when the king left his apartment towards the apartment of the queen, this was announced to the queen by the sound of a trumpet.

As king John VI had taken with him some of the best pieces of art and furniture in the building when the royal family fled in 1808 for the advancing French troops to Brazil, most rooms had to be redecorated in the original style. The Hunting [[trophy]] room (''Sala dos Troféus'') is decorated with numerous skulls of [[deer]], the furniture is constructed of antlers and covered with deerskin and even the candleholders are made of deer antlers.

The Benediction Gallery (''Sala da Benção'') borders at the upper level of the basilica. The royal family could here attend Mass, seated at a window opening unto the basilica. The bust of John V in this hall is a work of the Italian [[Alessandro Giusti]]. The Throne Room, the Guard Room and the Room of Goddess Diana are decorated with murals by artist such as [[Ciryllo Wolkmar Machado]], [[Bernardo Oliveira Góis]] and [[Vieira Lusitano]].

=== Basilica ===
((see also|Basilica of Our Lady and Saint Anthony of Mafra))
((see also|Organ of the basilica of the Palace of Mafra))
((see also|Mafra carillons))
((see also|Royal and Venerable Confraternity of the Most Blessed Sacrament of Mafra))
[[File:22340-Mafra (49043387738).jpg|thumb|right|Principal nave of the basilica.]] 
[[File:22313-Palácio Nacional de Mafra (48303963857).jpg|thumb|left|The basilica from a palace cloister.]]
[[File:Mafra Palace in 2012 (26).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Gallery of the basilica.]]
The church is built in the form of a [[Christian cross|Latin cross]] with a length of 63 m. It is rather narrow (16.5 m), an impression accentuated by the height of its [[nave]] (21.5 m). The vestibule (Galilee porch) contains a group of large sculptures in Carrara marble, representing the patron saints of several monastic orders.

The interior makes abundantly use of local rose-coloured [[marble]], intermingled with white marble in different patterns. The multi-coloured designs of the floor are repeated on the ceiling. The [[barrel vault]] rests on fluted Corinthian semicolumns standing between the side chapels. The chapels in the transept contain altarpieces in jasper made by sculptors from the School of Mafra. The side aisles display 58 marble statues commissioned from the best Roman sculptors of their time. The All Saint's chapel in the transept is screened from the crossing by iron railings with bronze ornaments, made in [[Antwerp]].

The choir has a magnificent giant candleholder with seven lamps sprouting from the mouth of seven rolled-up snakes. Above the main altar, inserting into the ceiling, is a gigantic jasper crucifix of 4.2 m, flanked by two kneeling angels, made by the School of Mafra. The cupola over the crossing was also inspired by the cupola of [[Sant'Agnese in Agone]] (by the Roman Baroque architect [[Francesco Borromini]]). This 70 m-high cupola with a small [[lantern]] atop, is carried by four finely sculpted arcs in rose and white marble.
[[File:Cupola da Basilica do Convento de Mafra.jpg|thumb|right|Cupola of the basilica.]]
There are six organs, four of which are located in the transept, constituting a rather uncommon ensemble. There were built by Joaquim Peres Fontanes and António Xavier Machado Cerveira between 1792 and 1807 (when the French troops occupied Mafra). They were made out of partially gilded Brazilian wood. The largest pipe is 6 m high and has a diameter of 0.28 m. King John V had commissioned liturgical vestments from master [[Embroidery|embroiderer]]s from [[Genoa]] and [[Milan]], such as Giuliano Saturni and Benedetto Salandri, and from France. They attest of superb quality and workmanship by their embroidering in gold technique and the use of silk thread in the same colour.

The religious paintings in the basilica and the convent constitute one of the most significant 18th century collections in Portugal. They include works by the Italians [[Agostino Masucci]], [[Corrado Giaquinto]], [[Francesco Trevisani]], [[Pompeo Batoni]] and some Portuguese students in Rome such as [[Vieira Lusitano]] and [[Inácio de Oliveira Bernardes]]. The sculpture collection contains works by almost every major Roman sculptor from the first half of the 18th century. At that time, it represented the biggest single order done by a foreign power in Rome and still is one of the biggest collections in existence.

The parish of Mafra (''Santo André de Mafra'') and the [[Royal and Venerable Confraternity of the Most Blessed Sacrament of Mafra]] ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Real e Venerável Irmandade do Santíssimo Sacramento de Mafra'') have their headquarters in the basilica.

On 10 November 2020, [[Pope Francis]] granted a [[canonical coronation]] to the image of [[Our Lady of Solitude]] of the basilica, guarded by the Confraternity of the Most Blessed Sacrament.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/cultura/papa-concede-coroacao-pontificia-a-imagem-venerada-na-basilica-de-mafra_n1282568|title= Papa concede Coroação Pontifícia a imagem venerada na Basílica de Mafra|website=RTP|language=pt|access-date=2020-12-13))</ref>

=== Library ===
[[File:Mafra-Klosterpalast-Bibliothek-14-2011-gje.jpg|thumb|left|The palace library contains over 36,000 historic and priceless volumes.]]
[[File:Biblioteca do Palácio Nacional de Mafra - Portugal (28827783847).jpg|thumb|right|The library of the Palace of Mafra.]]
The [[Rococo]] library, situated at the back of the second floor, is truly the highlight of this palace, rivalling the grandeur of the library of the [[Melk Abbey]] in Austria. Built by [[Manuel Caetano de Sousa (architect)|Manuel Caetano de Sousa]], this library is 88 m long, 9.5 m wide and 13 m high. The magnificent floor is covered with tiles of rose, grey and white marble. The wooden bookshelves in Rococo style are situated on the sidewalls in two rows, separated by a balcony with a wooden railing. They contain over 36,000 leather-bound volumes, attesting of the extent of western knowledge from the 14th to the 19th century. Among them, are many valuable bibliographical jewels, such as [[incunabulum|incunabula]]. These beautiful finished volumes were bound in the local workshop (''Livraria'') in the ''rocaille'' style (also by Manuel Caetano de Sousa).

The library is known for homing bats which protect the books from insect damage.<ref name=BostonGlobeHartnett>((cite web|url=http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/brainiac/2013/09/bats_eat_bookwo.html|title=Bats eat bookworms|access-date=14 June 2018|author=Hartnett, Kevin|date=17 September 2013|work=Boston Globe archive website|publisher=Brainiac blog hosted by Boston Globe))</ref> The library's bat colony includes [[grey long-eared bat]]s and [[serotine bat]]s.<ref>((cite news |last1=Case |first1=Julie H. |title=These Portuguese Libraries Are Infested With Bats—and They Like It That Way |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/these-portuguese-libraries-are-infested-batsand-they-it-way-180969276/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine |date=7 June 2018 |language=en))</ref>

The library was used in [[Gulliver's Travels (TV miniseries)|''Gulliver's Travels'' (1996)]] as the Great Chamber of War for the Emperor of Lilliput.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115195/locations|title=Gulliver's Travels (1996– ) Filming & Production|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-04-13))</ref>

=== Convent ===
[[File:22323-Mafra (49043386113).jpg|thumb|right|One of the numerous cloisters.]]
The rectangle behind the church and the palace houses the [[friary]] of the Franciscan friars of Arrábida Order (''Ordem de São Francisco da Província da Arrábida'') with cells for about 300 friars in long corridors on several floors. Between 1771 and 1791 this monastery was occupied by the Hermit Friars of St. Augustine.

===Mafra School of Sculpture===
[[File:22403-Mafra (49044072432).jpg|thumb|left|Sculptures by the School of Mafra.]]
The Mafra School of Sculpture was founded during the reign of king [[Joseph I of Portugal]], successor of king John V. As the Mafra National Palace had a great need for sculptors, local and from abroad, it became the location of a [[sculpture]] academy headed by the Italian [[Alessandro Giusti]] (1715–1799).

Among the teachers were several important sculptors, such as [[José de Almeida]] (1709–1769), [[Claude de Laprade]] (1682–1738) and [[Giovanni Antonio da Padova]] (who created most of the statues for the cathedral of [[Évora]]).

The academy was awarded many commissions by the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]]s from the monastery, resulting in the many marble statues and [[retable]]s in marble and [[jasper]] in the basilica. This academy produced several generations of Portuguese sculptors, such as [[Joaquim Machado de Castro]] (1731–1822).

==Cultural influence==
A major reference to the construction of the palace is made in the novel ''[[Baltasar and Blimunda]]'' (''[[Memorial do Convento]]''), written by the Portuguese [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel]] laureate [[José Saramago]]. The main character, Baltasar, born in Mafra,<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.cm-mafra.pt/pages/1148?event_id=822|title = Congresso Internacional sobre 'Memorial do Convento'))</ref> works on the construction of the palace. Saramago makes a detailed description of the building process, including the transport of a giant stone from the quarry to the building site (which Baltasar assists with), depicting it as a torture for those who helped build the palace.

==See also==
* Other [[:category:royal residences in Portugal|Portuguese royal residences]]:
** [[Sintra National Palace]]
** [[Ajuda National Palace]]
** [[Belém Palace]]
** [[Palace of Necessidades]]
** [[Pena National Palace]]
** [[Queluz National Palace]]
** [[List of Baroque residences]]
* [[Royal and Venerable Confraternity of the Most Blessed Sacrament of Mafra]]
* [[List of carillons]]

==References==

*((cite web|title=Palácio e Convento de Mafra|url=http://www.patrimoniocultural.pt/pt/museus-e-monumentos/dgpc/m/palacio-nacional-de-mafra/|publisher= Direção Geral do Património Cultural|language=pt))
*Turner, J. – [[Grove Dictionary of Art]] – Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed (January 2, 1996); ((ISBN|0-19-517068-7))
*Rentes de Carvalho J. – Portugal, um guia para amigos (in Dutch translation : Portugal); De Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam; 9th ed. August 1999; ((ISBN|90-295-3466-4))
*The Rough Guide to Portugal – 11th ed. March 2005; ((ISBN|1-84353-438-X))
*The National Palace of Mafra, an English guide; IPPAR, July 2005 (on sale in the palace)

==Notes==
((reflist|2))

==External links==
((commons-inline|Palácio Nacional de Mafra))
*[http://www.palaciomafra.pt/ Palácio Nacional de Mafra] ((in lang|pt))

((Lisbon landmarks))
((Portuguese Monarchy Topics))
((World Heritage Sites in Portugal))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Mafra, Palace of))
[[Category:Palace of Mafra| ]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1755]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1755]]
[[Category:Palaces in Portugal]]
[[Category:Royal residences in Portugal]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in Portugal]]
[[Category:Neoclassical palaces in Portugal]]
[[Category:Baroque architecture in Portugal]]
[[Category:Baroque palaces in Portugal]]
[[Category:Palaces in Lisbon District]]
[[Category:Museums in Lisbon District]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Portugal]]
[[Category:Churches in Lisbon District]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Portugal]]
[[Category:National monuments in Lisbon District]]
[[Category:7 Most Endangered Programme]]

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