Palliveettil Chandy | |
|---|---|
| Metropolitan and Gate of All India. | |
 | |
| Diocese | Archdiocese of Cranganore |
| See | Kodungallur (Muziris) of the Marthoma Nazrenes. |
| Installed | 31 January 1663 |
| Term ended | 2 January 1687 |
| Predecessor | Abraham of Angamaly |
| Successor | Kariattil Ousep |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 31 January 1663 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Chandy 1615 |
| Died | 2 January 1687 Kuravilangad |
| Buried | St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church Kuravilangad |
| Nationality | Indian |
Palliveettil Chandy also known as Parambil Chandy (Alexandre de Campo in Portuguese; 1615 – 2 January 1687) was a bishop of the Catholic Saint Thomas Christians.[1] He is also the first known native Indian bishop.[2]
Chandy was the bishop of the East Syriac Rite faction (also known as the Palayakūttukar, or "Old Allegiance") after the Coonan Cross Oath in 1653. This faction returned to full communion with the Holy See of Rome as Eastern Catholics and would later become known as the Syro-Malabar Church. Chandy's tomb is at the Marth Mariam Church at Kuravilangad.
Historically Saint Thomas Christians were part of East Syriac Church. They came into direct communion with the Church of Rome through the Chaldean Patriarchate with the arrival of Metropolitan Mar Joseph Sulaqa and patriarchal delegate Mar Elias in AD 1554.[3] Historically, the title of the head of the Church of Saint Thomas was the 'Metropolitan and the Gate of India'.[4][5]
After the Synod of Diamper in 1599, the Church of Saint Thomas Christians became subjected to Latin Church bishops. The Latin missionaries broke the historic connection of Thomas Christians with the Patriarch of Babylon and downgraded the ancient Church of Christians of Saint Thomas into a mere suffragan of the archdiocese of Goa of the Latin Church. Later, the Metropolitanate was reinstated and the Archdiocese of Angamaly was renamed as the Archdiocese of Kodungalloor and its seat moved to Kodungalloor with Latin prelates.[6]
Even though the Thomas Christians were subjected to Latin Church prelates in the hierarchy, the community consolidated under the leadership of the archdeacons as a separate rite with its own liturgy and traditions. The missionaries began to impose Latinisations in their rite of worship and tried to eliminate the authority and status of the Archdeaconate and thereby dishonour the status of their ancient Church of Malabar. The community secretly tried to get prelates from the Patriarchate of the Chaldeans and the Patriarchate of the Assyrians.
The missionaries used their political power to prevent Thomas Christians from contacting with any Oriental Churches and they even arrested and deported Ahatalla, a bishop of West Syriac Rite arrived in Mailappore.[7] Thomas Christians rose up and revolted against the Portuguese in AD 1653 and consecrated (invalidly) the Archdeacon Parambil Thoma as the Bishop of Thomas Christians. This revolt was nearly complete and that changed the politics.
A protest took place in 1653 with the Coonan Cross Oath. Under the leadership of Archdeacon Thomas, the Thomas Christians publicly took an oath that they would not obey the Jesuit bishops.[8][9][10] There are various versions about the wording of oath, one version being that the oath was directed against the Portuguese, another that it was directed against Jesuits, yet another version that it was directed against the authority of the Church of Rome[11] However, after this oath, Saint Thomas Christians elevated Archdeacon Thomas to Metropolitan by the laying on of hands by twelve kattanars and he took the title Mar Thoma I.
At this point of time, Rome intervened and Carmelite missionaries were sent to win the Thomas Christians back. Carmelites could convince the majority that the local church needs bishops and the consecration of the Archdeacon Thomas was claimed to be invalid as the consecration was conducted not by any bishop, but by twelve priests. Many leaders of the community rejoined the missionaries and later, due to political reasons.
He belonged to the Palliveettil house of Pakalomattam family at Muttuchira. The Palliveettil building of Parambrem Kara existed there till two centuries back. Palliveettil Kuriakose married into Kudukkasserry and the son born to the couple later became the Bishop. "Alexander De Campo" is a Portuguese designation translated as "Alexander of the field" originating from "Parambil Chandy" in vernacular Malayalam. He was vicar of Kuravilangad Parish and later had Kuravilangad as his headquarters.[12]
He was a native of Muttuchira parish, in the present central Kerala. As a priest his original name was Father Parambil Chandy. He was consecrated Titular Bishop of Megara in Achala and Vicar Apostolic and Administrator of the Archbishopric of Cranganore on 31 January 1663, at Kaduthuruthy. He celebrated his first pontifical Mass at Muttuchira Church.[13] His appointment followed representations for the appointment of native Indians as bishops following the split in the church on account of the Coonan Cross Oath. His official title was Metropolitan and Gate of All India.[14]
Palliveettil Chandy was appointed as a bishop when the community was divided under the Portuguese Padroado and Thoma I, who was the then leader of the Puthenkūttukar. At first Palliveettil Chandy was the Counsellor of Thoma I. He had an instrumental role in the bishopric ascention of Archdeacon Parambil Thoma as Bishop Thoma I. [15] [16][17] According to Portuguese and Jesuit reports, Chandy had defected with Thomas deCampo (Archdeacon Parambil Thoma), against Francis Garcia, the Archbishop of Cranganore.[18][17]
There was a plan to appoint Archdeacon Giwargis of Christ, by Abraham of Angamaly (1568–1597) as Metropolitan of India. Thus Giwargis should have become, according to the plans of Abraham, supported by the Jesuits, the first indigenous Chaldaean Metropolitan of the St Thomas Christians. However, from the last letter of Abraham, where he requests the Pope to confirm the archdeacon's election as Bishop of Palayur and his successor, is dated 13 January 1584, while from another letter of the same Abraham we learn that the consecration of the archdeacon failed because of the latter's death.[19]
Palliveettil Chandy had an instrumental role in claiming eighty-four churches onto the Catholic side after the Coonan Cross Oath.[20] After his death from 1678 till 1783 there were no native Bishops in the Catholic faction known as Pazhayakūr of the Saint Thomas Christians. His cousin Parambil Thoma, was elevated as a bishop by 12 priests following the Coonan Cross Oath in 1653. In 1665 Gregorios Abdul Jaleel, said to be a delegate of the Patriarch of Antioch (of the Syriac Orthodox Church), regularized the consecration of Thoma who would form the West Syriac oriented Malankara Church Puthenkūr.[21][20]
In 1674, Palliveetil Chandy requested Rome to elect a coadjutor and proposed his nephew, Mathew Kunnel for the position. Carmelites arrived in India in 1676, with special Dutch passports (as Dutch wouldn't allow any other European to work in their areas) and they were asked by Rome to elect an Indian.
They elected Raphael Figueredo in 1677, who was not a Roman Syrian Catholic but born as an Indian in the sense that he was a half-caste Portuguese. This election shook the confidence the Roman faction had in the Carmelites and quarrels started to arise.
Palliveettil Chandy died in 1687 and was buried at [22] Kuravilangad.[23]