Pan Jinlian
Wu Song killing Pan Jinlian, from a 1961 performance of Ouyang Yuqian's drama Pan Jinlian
Traditional Chinese潘金蓮
Simplified Chinese潘金莲

Pan Jinlian (Chinese: 潘金蓮; Wade–Giles: P'an Chin-lien) is a fictional character in the 17th-century Chinese novel Jin Ping Mei (The Plum in the Golden Vase), and a minor character in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. She is an archetypal femme fatale and one of the most notorious villainesses of classical Chinese culture.[1] She has also become the patron goddess of brothels and prostitutes.[2]

Name

Pan Jinlian's name appears to be inspired by Pan Yunu, an imperial consort of the Southern Qi. Her husband, Xiao Baojuan, was obsessed with her small feet and made her dance on golden (金, jin) lotuses (蓮, lian) .

Pan Jinlian also appeared to be based on the false rumors a real namesake lady who had a sharply different personality. The reputation of real-life Pan Jinlian was badly affected by the fictional Pan Jinlian and this incident also caused a rift between Pan family and Shi family (the family of Shi Nai'an, author of Water Margin) for a long time until descendants of Shi family made an official apology in 2009.[3][4]

Story

Diorama at Haw Par Villa, Singapore, depicting Wu Song killing Pan Jinlian (left).

Pan Jinlian is married to Wu Dalang, the elder brother of Wu Song. Wu Dalang is short and ugly, while Pan Jinlian is renowned for her beauty; as a result, many people feel that the couple are a mismatch.

Pan Jinlian, dissatisfied with her marriage, has an extramarital affair with Ximen Qing, a handsome womaniser in town. Wu Dalang eventually discovers the affair, but Pan Jinlian and Ximen Qing murder him by adding poison to his food. They bribe the coroner to conceal the true cause of his death.

Wu Song grows suspicious of his brother's death. He carries out his own investigations and discovers the truth. In Water Margin, Wu Song's slaying of the adulterous pair is described in graphic detail and is one of the most memorable scenes in the novel. In Jin Ping Mei, however, Pan Jinlian marries Ximen Qing as a concubine, and Wu Song kills Pan after Ximen dies from excessive sexual activity.

Adaptations

In the post-May Fourth era, the influential playwright Ouyang Yuqian wrote the early modern drama Pan Jinlian in 1928, in which Pan is depicted as a free-spirited woman victimized by a male-dominated traditional society.[1] He played the role of Pan Jinlian himself.[5] A pingju version of the story was one of the roles played by Bai Yushuang in Shanghai in the 1930s.

Pan Jinlian is a popular subject of Chinese and Japanese films and television series. Since the 1950s, there have been at least 20 films and television series featuring her as a main character.[6] The Chinese name of the film I Am Not Madame Bovary is literally I Am Not Pan Jinlian.

Title Release year Origin of production
The Amorous Lotus Pan 1964 Hong Kong
Outlaws of the Marsh (TV series) 1983 China
The Reincarnation of Golden Lotus 1989 Hong Kong
The Amorous Lotus Pan 1994 Hong Kong
The Water Margin (1998 TV series) 1998 China
All Men Are Brothers (TV series) 2011 China
I Am Not Madame Bovary 2016 China

References

  1. ^ a b Yeh, Wen-Hsin (2000). Becoming Chinese: Passages to Modernity and Beyond. University of California Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-520-22218-2.
  2. ^ Charles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (4 July 2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. Routledge. p. 371. ISBN 978-1-135-96390-3.
  3. ^ Thủy Hử truyện và nỗi hàm oan của Phan Kim Liên – Võ Đại Lang An Ninh Thế Giới, 21 August 2016
  4. ^ Con cháu Thi Nại Am “trả nợ” Người Lao Động, 30 November 2015
  5. ^ "Ouyang Yuqian (1889—1962)" (in Chinese). Ministry of Culture of China. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  6. ^ 盘点: 20版潘金莲谁更妩媚 (in Chinese). Sina. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
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