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((short description|Romanian writer))
((Use mdy dates|date=September 2020))
((More citations needed|date=January 2016))
[[File:Panait Istrati 2.jpg|thumb|200px|Panait Istrati (1927)]]

'''Panait Istrati''' (((IPA-ro|panaˈit isˈtrati|lang)); sometimes rendered as ''Panaït Istrati''; August 10, 1884 &ndash; April 16, 1935) was a Romanian [[Proletarian literature|working class]] writer, who wrote in French and [[Romanian language|Romanian]], nicknamed ''The [[Maxim Gorky]] of the [[Balkans]]''. Istrati appears to be the first Romanian author explicitly depicting a [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] character in his work.

==Early life==

Born in [[Brăila]], Istrati was the son of the laundress Joița Istrate and of the [[Greeks|Greek]] tobacco trader Georgios Valsamis from the village of [[Faraklata]] in [[Kefalonia]].

He studied in primary school for six years in [[Vădeni, Brăila|Baldovinești]], after being held back twice. He then earned his living as an [[apprentice]] to a [[tavern]]-keeper, then as a pastry cook and [[peddler]]. In the meantime, he was a prolific reader.

His first attempts at writing date from around 1907 when he started sending pieces to the [[Socialism|socialist]] periodicals in Romania, debuting with the article, ''Hotel Regina'' in ''[[România Muncitoare]]''. Here, he later published his first short stories, ''Mântuitorul'' ("The Redeemer"), ''Calul lui Bălan'' ("Bălan's Horse"), ''Familia noastră'' ("Our Family"), ''1 Mai'' ("[[May Day]]"). He also contributed pieces to other [[Left-wing politics|leftist]] newspapers such as ''Dimineața'', ''[[Adevărul]]'', and ''Viața Socială''.

In 1910, he was involved in organizing a [[strike action]] in Brăila. He went to [[Bucharest]], [[Istanbul]], [[Cairo]], [[Naples]], [[Paris]] (1913–1914), and Switzerland (where he settled for a while, trying to cure his [[tuberculosis]]). Istrati's travels were marked by two successive unhappy marriages, a brief return to Romania in 1915 when he tried to earn his living as a [[Family farm hog pen|hog]] [[Family farm|farmer]], and long periods of [[Vagabond (person)|vagabondage]].

While in the [[sanatorium]], Istrati met [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Russian Jewish]]-Swiss [[Zionism|Zionist]] writer [[Josué Jéhouda]], who became his friend and French language tutor.

Living in misery, ill and depressed, he attempted [[suicide]] in 1921 on his way to [[Nice]], but his life was rescued in time. Shortly before the attempt, he had written to [[Romain Rolland]], the French writer he admired most and with whom he had long tried to get in touch. Rolland received the letter through the [[French National Police|Police]] and immediately replied. In 1923 Istrati's story ''Kyra Kyralina'' (or ''Chira Chiralina'') was published with a [[preface]] by Rolland. It became the first in his ''Adrien Zograffi'' [[Literature cycle|literary cycle]]. Rolland was fascinated with Istrati's adventurous life, urging him to write more and publishing parts of his work in ''Clarté'', the [[magazine]] that he and [[Henri Barbusse]] owned. The next major work by Istrati was the [[novel]] ''Codine''.

[[Pamfil Șeicaru]] named Istrati "poor poet of deflowered arses". Istrati is the first Romanian author to write a novel – ''Chira Chiralina'' – in which a character is homosexual.<ref name="adevarul">((cite web | first=Cristian | last=Delcea | url=http://adevarul.ro/news/societate/homosexualitatea-romania-mandruli-pederastu-corectii-fizice-suicid-rusine-1_517298d5053c7dd83f2af75c/index.html |title=Homosexualitatea în România: de la "Mandruli pederastu", la corecții fizice și suicid de rușine |newspaper=[[Adevărul]] |date=April 20, 2013))</ref>

==Istrati and communism==
Istrati shared the leftist ideals of Rolland, and, as much as his [[mentor]], placed his hopes in the [[Bolshevik]] vision. In 1927 he visited the [[Soviet Union]] on the anniversary of the [[October Revolution]], accompanied by [[Christian Rakovsky]] during the first stage of the journey (Rakovsky was Soviet [[ambassador]] to Paris, and by then already falling out of favor with [[Joseph Stalin]]). He travelled through large sections of the European part, witnessing celebrations in [[Moscow]] and [[Kiev]]. He was joined in Moscow by his future close friend, [[Nikos Kazantzakis]]; while in the city, Panait Istrati met [[Victor Serge]] and expressed his wish to become a citizen of the Soviet Union. He and Kazantzakis wrote Stalin a congratulatory letter that remained unanswered.

In 1928–29, after a tumultuous stay in Greece (where he was engaged in fights with the police and invited to leave the country), he went again to the Soviet Union. Through extended visits in more remote places such as the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldavian ASSR]] (where he got in touch with his friend [[Ecaterina Arbore]]), [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Baku]], and [[Batumi]], Istrati learned the full truth of Stalin's [[communist]] [[dictatorship]], out of which experience he wrote his famous book, ''The Confession of a Loser'', the first in the succession of disenchantments expressed by [[intellectual]]s such as [[Arthur Koestler]] and [[André Gide]]. Istrati dealt with the mounting persecution of [[Old Bolsheviks]] and the gradual victimization of whole population groups. His views were also harshly made clear in two letters he sent to the [[State Political Directorate|GPU]] leadership in December 1928.

Thereafter, he suffered a crisis of conscience mainly due to being branded a "[[Trotskyist]]" or even a "[[Fascist]]" by his former communist friends, the most violent of which proved to be Henri Barbusse. Rolland had praised Istrati's letters to the GPU, but he nonetheless chose to stay clear of the controversy. Istrati came back to Romania ill and demoralised, was treated for tuberculosis in Nice, then returned to Bucharest.

==Last years==
[[File:Înmormântarea lui Panait Istrati, apr 1935.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Funeral of Panait Istrati in April 1935]]
The political opinions Istrati expressed after his split with Bolshevism are rather ambiguous. He was still closely watched by the Romanian [[secret police]] (''[[Siguranța|Siguranța Statului]]''), and he had written an article (dated April 8, 1933) in the French magazine ''[[Les Nouvelles littéraires]]'', aptly titled ''L'homme qui n'adhère à rien'' ("The man who will adhere to nothing").

At the same time, Istrati started publishing in ''[[Cruciada Românismului]]'' ("The [[Crusade]] of Romanianism"), the voice of a left-leaning splinter group of the ultra-[[nationalist]] [[Iron Guard]]. As such, Istrati became associated with the group's leader [[Mihai Stelescu]], who had been elected as a member of Parliament for the Iron Guard in 1933 and whose [[dissidence]] was the reason for his brutal [[assassination]] by the [[Iron Guard death squads|Decemviri]] in 1936; Istrati was himself [[assault]]ed several times by the Guard's squads.

Isolated and unprotected, Panait Istrati died at Filaret Sanatorium in Bucharest. He was buried in [[Bellu Cemetery]].

==List of works==
===Adrian Zografi series===
* Les Récits d'Adrien Zograffi / The Stories of Adrian Zografi
* Kyra Kyralina, Rieder, Paris, 1924, preface: Romain Rolland; Romanian translation by IG Hertz, Bucharest, 1934
* Oncle Anghel, Rieder, Paris, 1924; Romanian translation by the author: Renaşterea, Bucharest, 1925
* Les Haidoucs : I. Présentation de Haidoucs, Rieder, Paris, 1925
* Les Haidoucs : II. Domnitza de Snagov, Rieder, Paris, 1926
* Enfance d'Adrien Zograffi / Childhood of Adrian Zografi
* Codine, Rieder, Paris, 1926; Romanian translation by IG Hertz, Bucharest, 1935
* Adolescence d'Adrien Zograffi / Adolescence of Adrian Zografi
* Mikhail, Rieder, Paris, 1927
* Vie d'Adrien Zograffi / The Life of Adrian Zografi
* At Maison Thuringer, Rieder, Paris, 1933; Romanian version by the author: Cartea Românească, Bucharest, 1933
* Le Bureau du Placement, Rieder, Paris, 1933; Romanian version by the author: Cartea Românească, Bucharest, 1933
* Méditerranée. Lever du soleil, Rieder, Paris, 1934
* Méditerranée. Coucher du soleil, Rieder, Paris, 1935; Romanian translation by the author: Cartea Românească, Bucharest, 1936

===Outside the "Adrian Zografi" cycle===
* Past and future. Autobiographical pages, Renaissance, Bucharest, 1925
* La Famille Perlmutter, Gallimard, Paris, 1927 (in collaboration with Josué Jéhouda)
* Isaac, the joust of the iron, Joseph Hessler librairie, Strasbourg, 1927
* Le Refrain de la fosse (Nerantsoula), Grasset, Paris, 1927
* Mes départs (pages autobiographiques), Gallimard, Paris, 1928; Romanian translation by the author (posthumous): Cartea Românească, Bucharest, 1940
* Les Chardons du Baragan, Bernard Grasset, Paris, 1928; Romanian translation by the author, only the first chapter (posthumous): Moderna, Bucharest, 1943
* Confession pour vaincus. Après seize mois dans l'URSS, Rieder, Paris, 1929
* Le Pécheur d'éponges (pages autobiographiques), Rieder, Paris, 1930; Romanian translation by the author (posthumous): Dacia, Bucharest
* Pour avoir aimé la terre, Denoël et Steele, Paris, 1930
* Tsatsa Minnka, Rieder, Paris, 1931; Romanian version by Eminescu, Bucharest, 1931
* En Égypte, Éditions des Cahiers libres, Paris, 1931

===Editions===
*Selected Works / Œuvres choisies, Romanian-French bilingual edition, elected texts, preface and notes by Al. Oprea, translation by Eugen Barbu, vols. 1–9, Bucharest, Publishing House for Literature / Minerva Publishing House, 1966–1984
*Works, bilingual French-Romanian, Edited, foreword and notes by Zamfir Balan Publisher Istros Museum Brăila (Kyra Kyralina / rent Chiralina 1993, second edition, 2009; Oncle Anghel / Moș 
*Anghel, 1995 Codina / Codin, 1996; Tsatsa Minnka / Țața Minca, 1997; La Maison Thuringer / Casa Thuringer, 1998).
*Works. Stories. Roman, Edited, chronology, notes and comments by Teodor Vârgolici introduction of Eugen Simion, vols. 1–2 Bucharest: Univers encyclopedic collection "fundamental works" 2003

This list and many of Istrati's works are on Wikisource.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Autor:Panait_Istrati|title=Autor:Panait Istrati - Wikisource))</ref>

==English Translations of Works==

===''Adrien Zograffi's Accounts''===
*''Kyra Kyralina'' (or ''Chira Chiralina''; also translated under the title ''Kyra My Sister'')
*''Uncle Anghel''
*''The Haiduks'' (or ''The Bandits''):
**''Presentation of the Haiduks'' (or ''Presentation of the Bandits'')
**''Domnitza de Snagov''

===''Adrien Zograffi's Childhood''===
*''Codine'' (or ''Codin'', ''Kodin'')
*''Michael'' (or ''Mikhaïl'')
*''Mes Départs''
*''The Sponge-Fisher''

===''Adrien Zograffi's Life''===
*''The Thüringer House''
*''Le Bureau de Placement''
*''Mediterranean (Sunrise)''
*''Mediterranean (Sunset)''

===Other works===
*''Kyr Nicolas''
*''The Perlmutter Family''
*''Nerantula'' (or ''Neranțula'', ''Nerantsoula'', ''Nerrantsoula'')
*''The Thistles of the Bărăgan'' (or ''Ciulinii Bărăganului'')
*''To the Other Flame'' and ''The Confession of a Loser'' (published also as ''Russia unveiled: 1927–1930'')
*''Tsatsa-Minnka''

==Filmography==
While in the Soviet Union, Istrati wrote a [[screenplay]] based on his own work entitled, ''The Bandits'', a project that was never completed.

''Kira Kiralina'' was filmed in 1927 as a [[silent film]] in [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]], produced by [[Dovzhenko Film Studios|VUFKU]]. The novel was filmed for a second time in 1993, as a Romanian-[[Hungary|Hungarian]] production directed by [[Gyula Maár]]. A third production, the [[Dan Pița]]-directed ''[[Kira Kiralina]]'', appeared in 2014. There is also a 1958 Franco–Romanian film, ''[[Ciulinii Bărăganului]]'', and ''[[Codine]]'' (''Codin''), a Franco–Romanian co-production of 1962.

==Critical works on Istrati==
*Roger Dadoun, ''Panait Istrati'', L'Arc, Aix-en-Provence, 1983.
*Elisabeth Geblesco, ''Panaït Istrati et la métaphore paternelle'', Anthropos, Paris, 1989, ((ISBN|2-7178-1665-8))
*Mircea Iorgulescu, ''Panaït Istrati'', Oxus Éditions, collection ''Les Roumains de Paris'', Paris, 2004, ((ISBN|2-84898-037-0))
*Monique Jutrin-Klener, ''Panaït Istrati: un chardon déraciné: écrivain français, conteur roumain'', Éditeur F. Maspero, Paris, 1970
*Monique Jutrin-Klener, Hélène Lenz, Daniel Lérault, Martha Popovici, Élisabeth Geblesco, Catherine Rossi, Jeanne-Marie Santraud, ''Les haïdoucs dans l'œuvre de Panaït Istrati : l'insoumission des vaincus'', [[L'Harmattan]], collection ''Critiques Littéraires'', Paris, 2002, ((ISBN|2-7475-3199-6))
*Édouard Raydon, ''Panaït Istrati, vagabond de génie'', Les Éditions Municipales, Paris, 1968
*David Seidmann, ''L'existence juive dans l'œuvre de Panaït Istrati'', Éditions Nizet, Paris, 1984, ((ISBN|2-7078-1040-1))
*Jean-François Bacot, "Panaït Istrati ou la conscience écorchée d'un vaincu" in Moebius: Écritures/Littérature, Numéro 35, hiver 1988, p.&nbsp;95-114, éditions Triptyque (Montréal). http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/15212ac

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((commons|Panait Istrati|Panait Istrati))
((Wikisourcelang|ro|Autor:Panait Istrati|Panait Istrati (works in Romanian)))
*((IMDb name|id=0411588|name=Panait Istrati))
*((in lang|ro)) [https://web.archive.org/web/20050209082259/http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/cultura/l_istrate.html Short biography]
*((in lang|it)) [http://www.ecn.org/balkan/0009marxismorakovsky.html Istrati on Christian Rakovsky]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Istrati, Panait))
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:Anti-Stalinist left]]
[[Category:People from Brăila]]
[[Category:Romanian people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Romanian communists]]
[[Category:Romanian essayists]]
[[Category:Romanian journalists]]
[[Category:Romanian memoirists]]
[[Category:Romanian male novelists]]
[[Category:Romanian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Romanian short story writers]]
[[Category:Romanian socialists]]
[[Category:Members of the Crusade of Romanianism]]
[[Category:Romanian travel writers]]
[[Category:Romanian writers in French]]
[[Category:20th-century Romanian novelists]]
[[Category:Male essayists]]
[[Category:Proletarian literature]]
[[Category:20th-century short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Romania]]
[[Category:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Burials at Bellu Cemetery]]

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