| Pano-Tacanan | |
|---|---|
| (proposed) | |
| Geographic distribution | southern Amazon |
| Linguistic classification | Macro-Panoan ?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | pano1259 |
 Panoan languages (dark green) and Tacanan languages (clear green). Circles indicate locations of modern languages. | |
Pano-Tacanan (also Pano-Takana, Pano-Takánan, Pano-Tacana, Páno-Takána) is a proposed family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, Bolivia and northern Paraguay. There are two close-knit branches, Panoan and Tacanan (Adelaar & Muysken 2004; Kaufman 1990, 1994), with 33 languages. There are lexical and grammatical similarities between the two branches, but it has not yet been demonstrated that these are genetic (Loos 1999).
Most Panoan languages are spoken in either Peru or western Brazil; a few are in Bolivia. All Tacanan languages are spoken in Bolivia (Ese’ejja is also spoken in Peru).
Migliazza has presented lexical evidence in support of a genetic relationship between the Panoan and Yanomaman languages. He also suggests that a Panoan–Chibchan relationship is plausible.[1]
Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawakan languages due to contact.[2]
Below is a list of lexical cognates shared between Proto-Pano and Proto-Takana, demonstrating the genetic relatedness of the Pano and Takana branches. The two branches also share many basic cognate grammatical morphemes.[3]
| gloss | proto-Pano | proto-Takana | proto-Pano-Takana |
|---|---|---|---|
| tree | *hiwi | *akwi | **hegwi |
| tooth | *ʂɨ- | *t͡ʂe- | **ʂɨ- |
| two | *ɾa-ßɨta | *beta | **bɨta |
| liver | *takwa | *takwa | **takwa |
| leaf | *pɨɁi | *pei ‘to fan’ | **pɨɁi |
| bone | *ʂao | *t͡ʂau | **ʂau |
| tongue | *hana | *ana | **hana |
| hand | *mɨ- | *me- | **mɨ- |
| night | *(ya)mɨtV | *meta | **mɨta |
| skin | *ßitsi | *biti | **bitsi |
| fire | *tsiɁi | *ti | **tsiɁi |
| knee | *ɾã- | *da | **da-n |
| blood | *himi | *ami | **hemi |
| breast | *ʂo- | *aṭṣu | **aṣu |
| sun | *ßari | *badi ‘moon’ | **badi |
| I | *Ɂɨ | *e | **Ɂɨ |
| you (sg.) | *mi | *mi | **mi |
| come | *ßɨ- ‘come, bring’ | *be- ‘bring’ | **bɨ- |
| flesh | *nami | *ɾami | **Nami |
| fat (n.) | *ʂɨni | *ṭṣeri | **ṣɨNi |
| fingernail | *mɨ̃-tsis[i] | *metiji | **mɨ-tsizi |
| foot, leg | *ta- ‘foot’ | *ta- ‘leg’ | **ta- |
| lip, edge | *kwɨ- | *kwe(i)- | **kwɨ ~ **kɨ- |
| cheek | *tamo | *tamu | **tamu |
| mouth | *kwɨʂa[CV] | *kwat͡ʂa | **kweʂa |
| elbow | *βaȿ(u)- | *–batʂu | **baṣu |
| howler monkey | *ɾoʔo | *duʔu | |
| mother | *ɨwa | *e-kwa | |
| big | *ani | *aɾi | |
| flute | *ɾɨwɨ | *dewe | |
| hole | *kini | *kani |
