Pantolestidae Temporal range: Late Cretaceous–Oligocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Palaeosinopa, from Wyoming eocene
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	†Cimolesta
Suborder:	†Pantolesta
Family:	†Pantolestidae Cope, 1884
Genera
Bessoecetor Bisonalveus Buxolestes Palaeosinopa Pantolestes Pentacodon Dyspterna

Pantolestidae is an extinct family of semi-aquatic, non-placental eutherian mammals. Forming the core of the equally extinct suborder Pantolesta, the pantolestids evolved as a series of increasingly otter-like forms, ranging from the Middle Paleocene (60 mya) Bessoecetor to the Late Eocene (Ergilian) (50-33 mya) Gobiopithecus and Kiinkerishella. They first appear in North America, whence they spread to Europe.^[1]

Description

The pantolestids were fish predators with a body length of about 50 centimetres (20 in) and a tail about 35 centimetres (14 in) long. The anatomy of these archaic "insectivorous" mammals is best known through well-preserved Middle Eocene Buxolestes specimens found at Messel in Germany and a few other less complete specimens,^[2] such as the Palaeosinopa found at Fossil Butte in Wyoming, estimated to have reached body weights of up to 1,400 grams (3 lb), making them relatively large early mammals.^[1]

They had moderately strong canines and multi-cusped cutting teeth supported by the strong jaw muscles^[2] to which cranial cavities were adapted. This combination of dentition and muscles has been interpreted as an early adaptation to a hard diet such as clams and snails.^[1]

Freely articulated forearm bones (radius and ulna) permitted their powerful forelimbs wide rotational movements, while their digits had large bony claws —indicating they could dig and build underground dens. Their powerful hind limbs could not be rotated in the same way, but the prominent transverse processes of the first tail vertebra suggest that they used their powerful tails to propel through the water like modern otters.^[2] In later pantolestids there is a prominent cranial crest combined with strong spinal processes, indicating the presence of strong neck muscles needed by swimmers that constantly hold their heads above the water surface.^[1]

The youngest pantolestids known are Gobiopithecus khan and Kiinkerishella zaisanica from the Ergilian deposits of Khoer Dzan, Mongolia. These late Asian forms are thought to be one of the few examples of European mammals dispersing into Asia during the Grande Coupure.^[3]

Classification

Family: †Pantolestidae (Cope, 1884)

Subfamilies

†Pentacodontinae (Simpson, 1937)

†Amaramnis

†Aphronorus

†Bisonalveus

†Coriphagus

†Pentacodon

†Pantolestinae (Cope, 1884)

†Bessoecetor

†Bogbia

†Bouffinomus

†Buxolestes

†Chadronia

†Galethylax

†Oboia

†Palaeosinopa

†Pagonomus

†Pantolestes

†Thelysia

†Todralestes

†Dyspterninae (Kretzoi, 1943)

†Cryptopithecus

†Dyspterna

†Gobipithecus

†Kochictis

^[4]