.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (July 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,137 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Парад суверенитетов]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template ((Translated|ru|Парад суверенитетов)) to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

The parade of sovereignties (Russian: Парад суверенитетов, romanized: Parad suverenitetov) was a series of declarations of sovereignty of various degrees by the republics of the Soviet Union and autonomous units within the republics (autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and autonomous okrugs) from 1988 to 1991. The declarations stated the priority of the constituent republic power in its territory over the central power, which led to the War of Laws between the centre and the republics. The process followed the loosened power grip of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as a result of demokratizatsiya and perestroika policies under Mikhail Gorbachev. Despite the efforts of Gorbachev to preserve the union under a new treaty in the form of the Union of Sovereign States, many constituents soon declared their full independence. The process resulted in the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[1]

The first top-level Soviet republic to declare independence was Estonia (November 16, 1988: Estonian Sovereignty Declaration, March 30, 1990: decree on the transition to the restoration of the Estonian statehood,[2] May 8, 1990: Law on the State Symbols, which declared the independence,[3] August 20, 1991: Law of the Estonian restoration of Independence).

The first lower-level subdivision to declare independence was the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (January 19, 1990 although Heydar Aliyev, the leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, having roots in Nakhchivan, managed to keep Nakhchivan within Azerbaijan).[4]

The massive secessionist event has served as a testbench for various theories of secession.[5][6]

Chronology of the adoption of declarations on the sovereignties of the Union republics and their secession from the Soviet Union

Union republic Declaration
of state sovereignty 		Renaming Declaration about cession
from the Soviet Union 		Recognition of independence
by the Soviet Union[7]
 Estonian SSR 16 November 1988[8] since 8 May 1990:
 Republic of Estonia[9] 		20 August 1991[9] 6 September 1991[10]
 Lithuanian SSR 26 May 1989[11] since 11 March 1990:
 Republic of Lithuania[12] 		11 March 1990 6 September 1991[13]
 Latvian SSR 28 July 1989[14][15] since 4 May 1990:
 Republic of Latvia[16] 		21 August 1991 6 September 1991[17]
 Azerbaijan SSR 23 September 1989[18] since 5 February 1991:
 Republic of Azerbaijan[19] 		18 October 1991[20] 26 December 1991[21]
 Georgian SSR 26 May 1990[22][23][24] since 14 November 1990:
 Republic of Georgia[25] 		9 April 1991 26 December 1991[21]
 Russian SFSR 12 June 1990[26] since 25 December 1991:
 Russian Federation[27] 		12 December 1991 26 December 1991[21]
 Uzbek SSR 20 June 1990[28] since 31 August 1991:
 Republic of Uzbekistan[29] 		1 September 1991[29] 26 December 1991[21]
 Moldavian SSR 23 June 1990[30] since 23 May 1991:
 Republic of Moldova[31] 		27 August 1991 26 December 1991[21]
 Ukrainian SSR 16 July 1990[32] since 24 August 1991:
Ukraine 		24 August 1991 26 December 1991[21]
 Byelorussian SSR 27 July 1990[33] since 19 September 1991:
 Republic of Belarus[34] 		25 August 1991 26 December 1991[21]
 Turkmen SSR 22 August 1990[35] since 27 October 1991:
 Turkmenistan[36] 		27 October 1991[36] 26 December 1991[21]
 Armenian SSR — since 23 August 1990:
 Republic of Armenia[12] 		23 September 1991 26 December 1991[21]
 Tajik SSR 24 August 1990[37] since 31 August 1991:
 Republic of Tajikistan[38] 		9 September 1991[39] 26 December 1991[21]
 Kazakh SSR 25 October 1990[40] since 10 December 1991:
 Republic of Kazakhstan[41] 		16 December 1991[42] 26 December 1991[21]
 Kirghiz SSR 15 December 1990[43] since 5 February 1991:
 Republic of Kyrgyzstan[44] 		31 August 1991[45] 26 December 1991[21]

References

  1. ^ The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union, Ronald Grigor Suny, Stanford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-8047-2247-1 Retrieved on 2009-04-25
  2. ^  Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Постановление ВС ЭССР от 30.03.1990
  3. ^  Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Закон ЭССР от 08.05.1990 О символике Эстонии
  4. ^ "Крах большевистской империи: как гласность «довела» СССР" Archived 2021-08-21 at the Wayback Machine, Znak, January 20, 2017
  5. ^ Henry E. Hale, "The Parade of Sovereignties: Testing Theories of Secession in the Soviet Setting", British Journal of Political ScienceVol. 30, No. 1, 2000, pp. 31-56
  6. ^ Emizet F. Kisangani, Vicki L. Hesli, "The Disposition to Secede: An Analysis of the Soviet Case", Comparative Political Studies vol. 27, January 1995, doi:10.1177/0010414095027004002
  7. ^ The independence of the Baltic republics was recognized by the State Council of the USSR on September 6, 1991. The rest of the republics continued to formally remain part of the USSR until the adoption by the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of a declaration on the termination of its existence on December 26, 1991
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  41. ^ Об изменении наименования казахской советской социалистической
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