The Paris Bible (Latin: Biblia Parisiensia[1]) was a standardized format of codex of the Vulgate Latin Bible originally produced in Paris in the 13th century. These bibles signalled a significant change in the organization and structure of medieval bibles and were the template upon which the structure of the modern bible is based.

Leaf from a Paris Bible. Illustration shows St. Peter writing

Up to the beginning of the 13th century there was no single structure for the order of the biblical books, and it was often presented in 4 volumes. The Paris Bible was unique for its time; it was a pandect (complete single volume) with a uniform order, which is similar to the order of the modern Bible used today. Between 1230 and 1280 AD this bible was copied more frequently and spread more widely across Europe than any other copy of the Bible.[2]

Common characteristics

Paris Bible is the name given to bibles produced by scribes mainly in Paris and areas of Northern France although examples are believed to have originated in England and Italy.[3] However, scholars caution that the term is used too broadly as it is often confused with the 'pocket bible'[4] which is applied to bibles produced from the 12th century onwards. These were small enough to be carried in a saddle or travelling bag or indeed a pocket.[5]

Scholars apply the term to bibles which possess a number of common characteristics. Each pandect contained the apocryphal books, 64 prologues mostly based on the commentaries of Jerome and an index of the interpretations of Hebrew names (IHN).  Whilst the thirteenth century bibles were divided into chapters, they were yet to include numbered verses.[6]

Structure and format

Scholars have disputed the fact that all Paris Bibles were single volume manuscripts as several two volume bibles are still in existence. Several leading Book Historians have suggested that where there is evidence of highly decorated pages mid-way through a one volume bible it is evidence of a two-volume manuscript being rebound at a later date as one volume.[2]

Readers and owners

The founding of a flurry of universities in the thirteenth century can be regarded as one of the major changes which determined how the Bible would change. One of the often-heard comments of the Paris Bible is that it was designed for studying the newly introduced theology which raised questions about the Articles of Faith and the doctrine of the Church. Mendicant Orders also created schools (studia) which had, at the heart of the education program, an academic study of the scriptures. It was these changes which led to the desire to rearrange the format of the Bible in order that students, masters and preachers could retrieve information effectively. Adding reading aids like running headers and chapter numbers allowed readers to find the Books of the Bible and essential text.[7]

References

  1. ^ Canellis, Aline, ed. (2017). "Introduction : Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate" [Introduction: From Jerome's work to the Vulgate]. Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible [Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible] (in French). Abbeville: Éditions du Cerf. p. 217. ISBN 978-2-204-12618-2.
  2. ^ a b Light, Laura (2012). "The thirteenth century and the Paris Bible". The New Cambridge History of the Bible. 2: 380–391 – via Cambridge Core.
  3. ^ Ruzzier, Chiara. "The miniaturisation of Bible manuscripts in the 13th century. A comparative study". Form and Function in the Late Medieval Bible, ed. by L. Light – E. Poleg, pp. 105-125. – via Academia.edu.
  4. ^ O’Daly, Irene (July 25, 2014). "Size Matters: Portable Medieval Manuscripts". medievalfragments. Archived from the original on Sep 7, 2023.
  5. ^ Light, Laura (1994). 'French Bibles c. 1200-30: A New Look at the Origin of the Paris Bible' in Richard Gameson (ed.), The Early Medieval Bible: Its Production, Decoration and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–76.
  6. ^ Liere, Frans Van (2012). "The Latin Bible, c. 900 to the Council of Trent, 1546". The New Cambridge History of the Bible.
  7. ^ Rouse, R.H and M.A (1982). 'Statim invenire. Schools, Preachers, and new attitudes to the page', in R.L. Benson and G. Constable (eds.), Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 201–25.

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