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((Short description|City in the Mexican state of Chihuahua))
((Expand Spanish|Parral_(Chihuahua)|date=April 2011))
((Infobox settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
|name = Parral, Chihuahua
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<!-- Politics ----------------->
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|leader_name = Jorge Alfredo Lozoya Santillán
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<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of = 2015 <ref name="inegi.org.mx">((cite web|url=http://www.cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/chih/territorio/div_municipal.aspx?tema=me&e=08|title=División municipal. Chihuahua|website=www.cuentame.inegi.org.mx))</ref>
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<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
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))

'''Hidalgo del Parral''' is a city and seat of the [[Hidalgo del Parral (municipality)|municipality of Hidalgo del Parral]] in the [[Mexican state]] of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]. It is located in the southern part of the state, ((convert|220|km|mi)) from the state capital, the city of [[Chihuahua, Chihuahua]]. As of 2015, the city of Hidalgo del Parral had a population of 109,510 inhabitants,<ref name="inegi.org.mx"/> while the metro area had a population of 129,688 inhabitants.<ref name="inegi.org.mx"/>  During the colonial period the city was a significant supplier of silver to the Spanish empire and was known as '''San José del Parral.''' The name of the city was changed after independence from Spain, in honour of Fr [[Miguel Hidalgo]], widely considered the 'Father of the Country'.

== Geology ==
Hidalgo del Parral mushroomed from the base of a hill of silver known as the Cerro la Prieta. The hill, is a part of the eastern foothill belt of the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]], characterized by thick eroded deposits of tertiary volcanics.<ref name="West-1949">((Cite book |last=West |first=Robert C. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001654458 |title=The mining community in northern New Spain: the Parral mining district. |date=1949 |publisher=Univ. of California Press |series=University of California publications. Ibero-Americana30 |location=Berkeley))</ref> The [[Bedrock|bed rocks]] of both [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] and volcanic origin supply both [[lead]] and lead-free [[Silver mining|silver vein bearing ores.]]<ref name="West-1949" />
[[File:Vistas a Hidalgo del Parral.jpg|thumb|Parral from above]]
Parral's topography is characterized by both the silver vein bearing ores of its hill and adjacent basins that allowed for: the growth of crops such as [[maize]], [[Pastoral farming|cattle grazing]], and easy routes of communication to the state capital.<ref name="West-1949" />

==History==
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Parral was once a bustling center for [[silver]] mining. 

According to legend, Juan Rangel de Biezma came here in 1629, picked up a rock on the “Cerro la Prieta” (La Prieta Hill), licked it and proclaimed, “There is a mineral deposit here.” This deposit produced silver for 340 years.<ref name="MexDes">((cite journal |last=Aldana |first=Alejandro |date=February 2008 |title=Parral: El Ganador de la 10 maravillas gastronomicas de Mexico |url=http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx |journal=Guía México Desconocido |volume=372 |pages=60–69))</ref>

Despite legend, as early as 1567, the silver mines at [[Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua|Santa Barbara]] were established in the territory of the Conchos people. However, in 1631, a vast new silver strike was made in what is now southern Chihuahua. Later, in 1640, it was declared "Capital of the World of Silver" by monarch [[Philip IV of Spain]], at the very height of the [[Spanish Empire]], that included territories in [[Eastern Asia]], Italy, and the [[Low Countries]].<ref name="MexDes" /><ref name="West-1949" />

=== Colonial Era ===

==== Urban design and economy ====
Parral's urban design during the colonial period did not mirror the stereotypical checkboard grid layout. Instead, the city developed with housing situated as close to the mine and hill as possible. Over time these temporary quarters evolved to more permanent, ''jacales'', adobe structures surrounded by corrals plots of vegetables.<ref name="Reséndez-2017">((Cite book |last=Reséndez |first=Andrés |title=The other slavery: the uncovered story of Indian enslavement in America |date=2017 |publisher=Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-544-60267-0 |edition=First Mariner Books |location=Boston New York))</ref>

The development of Parral's association with its grain farms and [[stock ranches]] was based on the region's major physical characteristics and the necessity for agriculture to sustain the region's growing population. Under colonial authority the region was developed as a permanent mine-ranch settlement complex, requiring large amounts of food and labor.<ref name="West-1949" />

Despite the fact Parral was not the most lucrative of the northern Mexican colonial mines, by 1640 Parral's population was 8,500, making the town the largest north of the tropic of cancer in the Americas, and nowhere else in the Americas during the colonial period was there a larger concentration of enslaved African people living in a single place.<ref name="Reséndez-2017" />

==== Mining and labor ====
Labor within the mines was challenging, physically brutal, and frequently exploitative. The principal shaft of the mine at Cerro Prieta was 420 feet deep. In order to access the metals lodged beneath the ground, workers, dug with picks, [[Wedge|wedges]], metal points, and [[Crowbar|crowbars]].<ref name="Reséndez-2017" /> Tools weighed at times up to forty pounds, and miners were working for twelve hours or more a day. Alongside grueling physical labor, miners were also at risk for danger on the job. Diggers regularly fell into shafts, were crushed by collapsing sections of the mine, and breathed in large amounts of silica causing scar tissue and lung decay. The inhalation of silica in the mines would build up in miner's lungs over years gradually causing severe lung scarring, low oxygen levels, and eventually death.<ref name="Reséndez-2017" />

After metals were retrieved beneath the surface, miners, frequently enslaved Indigenous and African men utilized leather bags to bring metals to the surface. Derived from the Nahuatl word, ''tenatl'', a fiber or leather bag, ore carriers were generally referred to as ''tenateros''.<ref name="Reséndez-2017" /><ref name="West-1949" />Carrying 225–300-pound bags of metallic rock from the shafts to the surface, enslaved miners crawled through low passages and ascended by way of pine logs and ladders, before being unloaded into carts for transport.<ref name="Reséndez-2017" />
[[File:Estación Parral.jpg|thumb|2015, Train Station in Parral]]
A member of the [[Mining in Mexico|Reales de Minas]] in Northern Mexico, the mines in Parral had a distinctive militaristic political and social structure.<ref name="West-1949" />  Labor for the mines of Parral was initially hard to obtain as the [[Chichimeca|Chichimec]] people were not sedentary and were able to resist Spanish forced labor in the [[repartimiento]] system. Thus, systems of free labor emerged in the mines of Hidalgo del Parral that attracted large numbers of [[Aztecs|Aztec]] and [[Tarascan]] workers from the Southern mining company, Axace and Xixime workers from Sinaloa, Opata from Sonora and some Huichol and Tepehuan workers from [[Durango]].<ref name="West-1949" /> Connecting networks of migratory native mine workers and suppliers across the region, the economic sphere of Parral extended far beyond the colonial center's geographic boundaries.<ref name="West-1949" />
[[File:Centro en Hidalgo del Parral.jpg|thumb|[[:File:Centro en Hidalgo del Parral.jpg|Centro en Hidalgo del Parral]] ]]
After extraction, metals were transported from the mine to dozens of estates, known as [[Hacienda|haciendas]], across the region for processing. Utilizing the smelting method to crush the ore into coarse gravel and combine it with molten lead, workers separated silver from rock. A few haciendas in Parral did not use the smelting process, and instead utilized patio amalgamation.<ref name="Reséndez-2017" />

=== Independence ===
The large area of southern [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] inhabited by the [[Rarámuri|Tarahumara]] people included the highway between the mining districts of Parral, Cusihuiriachic, and Chihuahua.((Citation needed|date=February 2007)) [[Asarco]] managed the La Prieta mine until the boom ended in the early 1930s; the minerals that were extracted were sent to the [[United States]] for final processing and then shipped back to [[Mexico]], the US and other markets. After the end of the silver mining boom, Parral was almost completely abandoned in the early 1930s. 

Currently, Parral is a medium-sized town in the state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] mainly dedicated to commerce and is an important regional center for trade between the southern regions of Chihuahua and northern [[Durango]]. It received its first local television station in 1969, the now-defunct [[XHJMA-TV]] channel 3,<ref name="cierra">[http://diario.mx/Estado/2014-04-04_cfe3da00/cierra-ifetel-el-canal-3-de-parral/ "Cierra Ifetel el canal 3 de Parral"], ''El Diario de Parral'' 4 April 2014</ref> and it currently has one local station, [[XHMH-TV]] channel 13.

Parral is often associated with several historical figures, including [[Mexican Revolution|Mexican revolution]]ary leader [[Pancho Villa]], who was assassinated in Parral on July 20, 1923, and initially buried here; and border ruffian "Dirty" [[Dave Rudabaugh]], a sometime friend and foe of [[Billy the Kid|Billy the Kid.]] 

Locals and visitors of Parral can visit the Palacio de Alvardo, a late nineteenth century house belonging to a mining baron, as well as, if accompanied by a guide, the mine itself. <ref name="Reséndez-2017" /> Its intricate network of streets and alleys are distinctive features of the city, helping to preserve its colonial style. Urban development has been slow due to the lack of potable water and its complex physical geography.<ref name="Reséndez-2017" />

[[Image:PalAlvarado.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Palacio Alvarado was once the home of one of the wealthiest mining barons in Parral.]]

==Notable sites==
===El Palacio de Alvarado===
It belonged to one of the most prominent families in Parral, descendants of [[Pedro Alvarado (Mexican miner)|Pedro Alvarado]] owning the silver mine called “La Palmilla.” This family was rich enough to offer the President [[Porfirio Díaz]] to pay the national external debt. The palace was constructed by [[Federico Amérigo Rouvier]] and it is now a museum and cultural center. It has preserved much of the original European-made furniture. The walls of the patio were painted by Italian painter [[Antonio Decanini]] between 1946 and 1948.

=== El Hotel Hidalgo===
This historical building was a gift from [[Don (honorific)|Don]] [[Pedro Alvarado (Mexican miner)|Pedro Alvarado]] to [[Pancho Villa]] and is located next to the Plaza Guillermo Baca.

===La Casa de la Familia Griensen (the Griensen Family House)===
This is where [[Elisa Griensen]] was born. She distinguished herself in Parral history by fighting against a contingent of U.S. soldiers sent to capture Pancho Villa after he crossed the border and attacked Columbus, New Mexico.

===The Francisco Villa Museum===
The Francisco Villa Museum is a historical building located on the street near the spot where Villa's enemies waited days for him to pass and ultimately assassinated him in 1923. Every year in July, his death is reenacted here.

===Casa Stallforth===
This was a beautiful and luxurious palace (during the era), with a beautiful baroque style; decorated in the facade with many beings from the [[Nordic mythology]], that once belonged to the Stallforth family—who along with the Alvarado family, became the town's main benefactors, contributing much to its infrastructure.<ref name="MexDes"/>

==Notable events==
The annual staging of the Murder of [[Francisco Villa]], a recreation using props from the era, in the exact place of the historical event.

The annual '''Cabalgata Villista''', is a long-distance horse ride with statewide massive participation and a spectacular visual event as thousands of horses enter the city (see [[Cavalcade]]).

==Food==
In addition to its diverse and rich History, Parral is famous for its traditional foods. Parral was recently named as one of the “Ten Gastronomic Marvels of Mexico,” primarily for its artisan confectioneries ''dulces de leche''. These include a wide variety of candies and pastries from old recipes based on milk, sugar, and natural fruits. Some other notable recipes with a touch of Parral are enchiladas, rayadas, barbacoa, steaks and cabrito (goat).

===Dulces de leche===
Dulces de leche are cooked-milk confections found nationwide in Mexico; Parral has been historically acclaimed since the 1930s because of the distinctive flavor of its dulces de leche—candies made with nuts like pecans, peanuts, hazelnuts, and fruits such as apricot, pineapple, coconut and others. Parral's candies have been shipped around the world; interesting destinations include Vatican City, Washington DC, and London.

These traditional confections arrived in Parral in the early 20th century. The origin of recipes is unknown, although it is believed that they arrived in southern Mexico from Europe during the colonial times. Then, these recipes were transferred to later generations.

One of the most famous confectionery artisans in Parral was Don Pablo Rodríguez, founder of La Gota de Miel. Don Pablito (as the Parralenses knew him) was born in Teocaltiche, Jalisco in the late 19th century. He and his wife arrived in Parral in the early 20th century, after working for several years in the State of Coahuila as a baker and a cook in the Hacienda del Rosario (now Parras de la Fuente) for Francisco Madero and Mercedes González (parents of [[President of Mexico|President]] Francisco I. Madero). It is believed that their recipes might have acquired some influence from professional chefs also working in the hacienda at the time.

Several local artisans in Parral had recently—in the late 1990s—attempted to imitate ''Don Pablito's'' original recipe without success.

===Enchiladas===
Enchiladas are a specialty Mexican plate also found nationwide, and Parral is traditionally famous for its delicious enchiladas. They are a rolled maize tortilla stuffed with meat and covered with a tomato and chile sauce. Enchiladas can be filled with a variety of ingredients, including meat, cheese, beans, potatoes, vegetables, or seafood.

These other traditions in Parral started in the early 20th century and they gained notoriety in the mid-late 20th century.<!--The history of how the enchiladas (as a business) started in Parral is needed here).--> Enchiladas originated in Mexico. Anthropological evidence suggests that the indigenous people of the Valley of Mexico traditionally ate corn tortillas folded or rolled around small fish. Writing at the time of the Spanish conquistadors, Bernal Díaz del Castillo documented a feast enjoyed by Europeans hosted by Hernán Cortés in Coyoacán. In the 19th century, as Mexican cuisine was being memorialized, enchiladas were mentioned in the first Mexican cookbook, ''El cocinero mexicano'' (''The Mexican Chef''), published in 1831, and in Mariano Galván Rivera's ''Diccionario de Cocina'', published in 1845.[4][8] Probably, as with the dulces de leche, these recipes arrived to Parral from immigrants from the south of Mexico.

Among the most famous cookers of enchiladas in Parral was Doña Cuca, near the historical Calicanto bridge.<!--(A brief biographical review of Doña Cuca is needed here; and a brief history of her dishes)-->

===Barbacoa===
Barbacoa is meat from cattle or sheep slowly cooked over an open fire or, more traditionally, in a hole dug in the ground covered with maguey leaves; although the interpretation is loose, in the present day it may refers to meat steamed until tender.

During colonial and post-colonial times, Parral was famous because of its delectable barbacoa or birria de hoyo. Such barbacoa contained ingredients as laurel (bay leaf), garlic, maguey, onions, and other condiments. It was one of the luscious foods of the executives, foreigners, and miners working in the silver mines at Parral.

==Sports==
'''Judo'''<br />
Parral has one of the best clubs of Judo throughout Latin America: ''Judokan Parral''. It is a Judo academy in one of the most isolated places in Mexico, and Gabriel González. Among the most recognized alumni of Judokan is [[Vanessa Zambotti]]. She is an Olympic judo-fighter with international experience. She started practicing the sport at Judokan Parral (for her complete history see: [http://vanessazambotti.com/vz/contenido/5.aspx]).

Judokan is increasingly becoming one of the most important cultures for future generations who follow the sport closely in the North of Mexico. Right now, some historians are working on achieving oral testimonies and photographs to sketch part of northern Mexico popular history, and they will include the impact of judo among practitioners.
 
'''Baseball'''<br />
Parral is famous, primarily in the North of Mexico, for its baseball team ''Los Mineros de Parral''.

==Government==
As of January 2020, the city's mayor is Jorge Alfredo Lozoya Santillán, while the current city clerk is Francisco Adrián Sánchez Villegas.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.hidalgodelparral.gob.mx/ayuntamiento/|title=Ayunamiento - Gobierno Independiente de Parral|website=hidalgodelparral.gob.mx|access-date=January 17, 2020))</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Gloria Campobello|Gloria]] and [[Nellie Campobello]], ballet dancers and choreographers. Born in [[Ocampo, Durango]], spent their childhood in Parral.
* [[Consuelo Duval]], actress.((Cite web |url=http://www.consueloduval.com.mx/index.php?ver=biografia |title=Biografía |access-date=October 22, 2009 |language=es ))
* Fernanda Familiar, journalist.((Cite web |url=http://fernanda-familiar.com/index.php?view=article&catid=45%3Asemblanza&id=132%3Asemblanza&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=54 |title=Semblanza |format=PDF |access-date=October 22, 2009 |language=es ))
* [[Manuel Gómez Morín]], politician, founding member of the [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]], born in [[Batopilas, Chihuahua]], then moved to Parral.
* [[Juan Gómez-Quiñones]], historian, professor of history, poet, and activist. Co-editor of the [[Plan de Santa Bárbara]].
* Linda Helú Atta, [[Carlos Slim]]'s mother.
* [[Humberto Mariles]], [[show jumping]] champion in the [[1948 Summer Olympics]] in [[London]], where he won gold medals both in Individual Jumping and in Team Jumping.
* [[Carlos Montemayor]], novelist, poet, essayist and literary critic.
* [[Adrián Mora]], professional footballer, currently playing for [[Deportivo Toluca F.C.|Toluca]].
* [[Antonio Ortiz Mena]], politician and economist. Director of the [[Mexican Social Security Institute]] from 1952 to 1958, [[Secretary of Finance and Public Credit]] from 1958 to 1970, president of the [[Inter-American Development Bank]] from 1971 to 1988.
* [[José Fernando Ramírez]], historian.
* [[Yair Rodríguez]], mixed martial artist, current Interim [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] [[UFC Featherweight Championship|Featherweight Champion]].
* [[Misael Rodríguez]], bronze medal, boxing [[Boxing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's middleweight|men's middleweight]] at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] 
* [[Rafael Rangel Sostmann]], rector of the [[ITESM|Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey]].
* [[Aurora Reyes Flores]], painter, first female exponent of Mexican muralism.
* [[Alfredo Ripstein]], film producer.
* [[Jesús Gabriel Sandoval Chávez]], professional boxer.
* [[Vanessa Zambotti]], judoka, Gold medalist in the [[2007 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]], [[Rio de Janeiro]] 2007.
*[[Alex Dey]], motivational speaker.
*[[Eric Garcetti]], Los angeles Mayor 2012-2022.

==Geography==
The city is located in the southern part of the state, ((convert|220|km|mi)) from the state capital, the city of [[Chihuahua, Chihuahua]].
===Climate===
Parral has an altitude-moderated [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSk'') with rainfall limited to heavy thunderstorms during the hot summer months. During the dry season from October to May, days range from mild to hot and nights from chilly to mild. [[Frost]]s are common though not persistent in the winter.
((Weather box
|location = Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|temperature colour = 
|Jan record high C = 32.0
|Feb record high C = 34.0
|Mar record high C = 38.0
|Apr record high C = 39.0
|May record high C = 40.0
|Jun record high C = 49.6
|Jul record high C = 42.5
|Aug record high C = 41.0
|Sep record high C = 40.4
|Oct record high C = 38.5
|Nov record high C = 35.4
|Dec record high C = 33.0
|year record high C = 49.6
|Jan high C = 18.4
|Feb high C = 20.6
|Mar high C = 24.2
|Apr high C = 27.7
|May high C = 31.1
|Jun high C = 32.9
|Jul high C = 30.5
|Aug high C = 29.2
|Sep high C = 27.8
|Oct high C = 25.9
|Nov high C = 22.5
|Dec high C = 19.2
|year high C = 25.8
|Jan mean C = 9.9
|Feb mean C = 11.9
|Mar mean C = 15.2
|Apr mean C = 18.8
|May mean C = 22.4
|Jun mean C = 24.9
|Jul mean C = 23.5
|Aug mean C = 22.4
|Sep mean C = 20.9
|Oct mean C = 17.8
|Nov mean C = 13.8
|Dec mean C = 10.7
|year mean C = 17.7
|Jan low C = 1.5
|Feb low C = 3.2
|Mar low C = 6.2
|Apr low C = 9.8
|May low C = 13.6
|Jun low C = 16.9
|Jul low C = 16.5
|Aug low C = 15.7
|Sep low C = 14.0
|Oct low C = 9.8
|Nov low C = 5.1
|Dec low C = 2.1
|year low C = 9.5
|Jan record low C = -15.0
|Feb record low C = -22.0
|Mar record low C = -16.0
|Apr record low C = -3.2
|May record low C = 2.0
|Jun record low C = 1.4
|Jul record low C = 4.0
|Aug record low C = 3.6
|Sep record low C = 2.0
|Oct record low C = -4.0
|Nov record low C = -8.0
|Dec record low C = -10.2
|year record low C = -22.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 7.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 5.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 2.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 8.2
|May precipitation mm = 15.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 56.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 120.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 117.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 106.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 24.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 8.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 5.6
|year precipitation mm = 479.5
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 1.7
|Feb precipitation days = 1.4
|Mar precipitation days = 0.6
|Apr precipitation days = 1.4
|May precipitation days = 2.8
|Jun precipitation days = 7.0
|Jul precipitation days = 12.8
|Aug precipitation days = 13.0
|Sep precipitation days = 9.4
|Oct precipitation days = 3.8
|Nov precipitation days = 1.8
|Dec precipitation days = 1.7
|year precipitation days = 57.4
|Jan snow days = 0.46
|Feb snow days = 0.20
|Mar snow days = 0.07
|Apr snow days = 0
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 0.11
|Dec snow days = 0.40
|year snow days = 1.24
|Jan humidity = 57
|Feb humidity = 54
|Mar humidity = 50
|Apr humidity = 46
|May humidity = 44
|Jun humidity = 53
|Jul humidity = 63
|Aug humidity = 65
|Sep humidity = 67
|Oct humidity = 61
|Nov humidity = 61
|Dec humidity = 61
|year humidity = 57
|Jan sun = 188
|Feb sun = 214
|Mar sun = 212
|Apr sun = 295
|May sun = 276
|Jun sun = 233
|Jul sun = 272
|Aug sun = 249
|Sep sun = 220
|Oct sun = 209
|Nov sun = 232
|Dec sun = 192
|year sun = 2792
|source 1 = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional<ref name=SMN1>((cite web
 |url         = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL08078.TXT
 |title       = NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951-2010
 |publisher   = Servicio Meteorológico National
 |language    = es
 |access-date  = January 17, 2013
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220755/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Normales5110/NORMAL08078.TXT
 |archive-date = May 12, 2014
))</ref><ref name=SMN2>((cite web
 |url         = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/parral.pdf
 |title       = NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981-2000
 |access-date  = January 20, 2013
 |publisher   = Comision Nacional Del Agua
 |language    = es
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160210045111/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/parral.pdf
 |archive-date = February 10, 2016
))</ref><ref name=extremas>((cite web
 |url         = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00008/00008078.TXT
 |title       = Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Parral 1922-2003
 |publisher   = Servicio Meteorológico National
 |language    = es
 |access-date  = January 21, 2013
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224123/http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/Max-Extr/00008/00008078.TXT
 |archive-date = March 3, 2016
))</ref>
|source 2 = Colegio de Postgraduados (snowy days)<ref name=clima>((cite web
 |url         = http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/08053.htm
 |title       = Normales climatológicas para Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua
 |publisher   = Colegio de Postgraduados
 |language    = es
 |access-date  = January 17, 2013
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://archive.today/20130221044659/http://www.cm.colpos.mx/meteoro/progde/norm/norm24/08053.htm
 |archive-date = February 21, 2013
))</ref>
|date=December 2011
))

==Sister cities==
((More citations needed section|date=April 2017))
* ((flagicon|USA)) [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]], United States
* ((Flagicon|IND)) [[West Kanpur]], India

==References==
((Reflist))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130406130712/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática

==External links==
<ref>((Cite web |date=2018-08-09 |title=File:Centro en Hidalgo del Parral.jpg - Wikipedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Centro_en_Hidalgo_del_Parral.jpg |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=en))</ref>[http://www.hidalgodelparral.gob.mx/ Municipio de Hidalgo del Parral] Official website

<ref>((Cite journal |last=la Teja |first=Jesus F. De |date=March 1990 |title=El Archivo de Hidalgo del Parral, 1631-1821 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2936723 |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=1338 |doi=10.2307/2936723 |jstor=2936723 |issn=0021-8723))</ref>Parral from above Photo 

<ref>((Cite web |date=2015-02-15 |title=File:Estación Parral.jpg - Wikipedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Estaci%C3%B3n_Parral.jpg |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=en))</ref> Estacion del Tren de Parral

[http://www.parral-chihuahua.blogspot.com/ Parral Chihuahua]

[http://www.PuroChihuahua.com www.PuroChihuahua.com]

[http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/chih.html www.houstonculture.org]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20070702185615/http://www.enparral.com/ www.enparral.com]

[https://www.flickr.com/groups/la_capital_del_mundo/] Parral images

[https://web.archive.org/web/20081225082815/http://www.rulosite.com/]  

[http://www.poiresources.com/mexico/chihuahua/parral/ Map with the points of interest in the city of Parral] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uE26jkv3b2c

((Chihuahua))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Populated places in Chihuahua (state)]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1631]]
[[Category:1631 establishments in New Spain]]

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