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((Short description|Species of grapevine))
((more citations needed|date=June 2011))
((Speciesbox
|image = Poertschach Hauptstrasse Parthenocissus tricuspidata Blattwerk 04062015 4423.jpg
|image_caption = Foliage on a cultivated plant
|genus = Parthenocissus
|species = tricuspidata
|authority = ([[Philipp Franz von Siebold|Siebold]] & [[Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini|Zucc.]]) [[Jules Émile Planchon|Planch.]]
|synonyms =
* ''Scanderebratus cetilagica'' <small>Marco Matthews,&nbsp;2018</small>
|))
((Infobox Chinese
|t=爬牆虎
|s=爬墙虎
|l="wall-climbing tiger"
|p=páqiáng hǔ
|kanji=蔦
|kana=ツタ
|romaji=tsuta
))

'''''Parthenocissus tricuspidata''''' is a [[flowering plant]] in the grape family ([[Vitaceae]]) native to eastern [[Asia]] in [[Korea]], [[Japan]], and northern and eastern [[China]].  Although unrelated to true [[ivy]], it is commonly known as '''Boston ivy''', '''grape ivy''', and '''Japanese ivy''', and also as '''Japanese creeper''', and by the name '''woodbine''' (though the latter may refer to a number of different vine species).<ref>((Cite web |title=Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston Ivy, Grape Ivy, Japanese Creeper, Japanese Ivy) ((!)) North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/parthenocissus-tricuspidata/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=plants.ces.ncsu.edu))</ref>

==Description==
It is a [[deciduous]] [[wood]]y [[vine]] growing to 30 m tall or more given suitable support, attaching itself by means of numerous small branched tendrils tipped with sticky disks. The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple, palmately lobed with three lobes, occasionally unlobed or with five lobes, or sufficiently deeply lobed to be palmately compound with (usually) three leaflets; the leaves range from 5 to 22&nbsp;cm across. The [[flower]]s are inconspicuous, greenish, in clusters; the [[fruit]] is a small dark blue [[grape]] 5–10&nbsp;mm diameter.

The [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''tricuspidata'' means three-pointed, referring to the leaf shape.<ref name=RHSLG>((cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lorraine|title=RHS Latin for gardeners|year=2012|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845337315|pages=224))</ref>

==Cultivation and uses==
[[File:蔦紅葉図-Autumn Ivy MET DP251150.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A paper album leaf with a color painting of red and green ''Parthenocissus tricuspidata'' leaves on the left and a poem in ink to the right|The subject of ''[[Autumn Ivy]]'' (((lang|ja|蔦紅葉図))) by potter and painter [[Ogata Kenzan]] is ''Parthenocissus tricuspidata'']]

Boston ivy is readily distinguished from the [[Virginia creeper]] (''Parthenocissus quinquefolia'') by its [[simple leaves]] with pointed lobes (Virginia creeper leaves are divided into five separate [[leaflet (botany)|leaflet]]s).

''P. tricuspidata'' uses adhesive pads to attach to surfaces, allowing it to climb vertically up trees, walls, and other structures. Contact with a surface signals the adhesive pads to secrete mucilage through microscopic pores which dries and creates a robust adhesive bond.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Tianxian |last2=Li |first2=Zhang |last3=Deng |first3=Wenli |date=2011 |title=Biological adhesion of ''Parthenocissus tricuspidata'' |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/Article.aspx?ID=0354-46641102393H |journal=Archives of Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=393–398 |doi=10.2298/ABS1102393H |issn=0354-4664|doi-access=free ))</ref> The ability of a single adhesive pad to support thousands of times their weight may be explored as a model for new biomimetic materials.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Tianxian |last2=Zhang |first2=Li |last3=Xin |first3=Hongliang |last4=Deng |first4=Wenli |date=2010-01-03 |title=Morphology and mechanics of the adhesive disc of liana ''Parthenocissus tricuspidata'' |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1351/PAC-CON-08-12-06/html |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1351/PAC-CON-08-12-06 |s2cid=40813643 |issn=1365-3075|doi-access=free ))</ref>

In its native range, the vine has traditional medicinal uses (China, Korea) and as a culinary sweetener (Japan).

Both within and outside of East Asia, the plant is primarily used as an [[ornamental plant]].  [[Cultivars]] include 'Veitchii'.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/613.shtml BBC Plant finder: Boston Ivy]</ref>

Like the related Virginia creeper, ''P. tricuspidata'' is widely grown to cover the façades of masonry buildings.  This usage is actually economically important because, by [[shade (shadow)|shading]] walls during the summer, it can significantly reduce cooling costs.

While it does not penetrate the building surface but merely attaches to it, nevertheless surface damage (such as paint scar) can occur from attempting to rip the plant from the wall. However, if the plant is killed first, such as by severing the vine from the root, the adhesive pads will eventually deteriorate to the point where the plant can be easily removed from the wall.

In the U.S., Boston ivy is [[Wrigley Field ivy|used on the brick outfield walls]] at [[Wrigley Field]] of baseball's [[Chicago Cubs]] along with [[Japanese bittersweet]] (''Celastrus orbiculatus'').

==Names and etymology==
[[File:Japanese crest Tuta.svg|thumb|right|150px|alt=A white stylized ''Parthenocissus tricuspidata'' leaf on a black background|The ''[[mon (emblem)|mon]]'' of the Japanese [[Tōdō clan]] was a stylized ''Parthenocissus tricuspidata'' leaf]]
''Parthenocissus'' is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] terms ((Lang|grc-Latn|parthenos)) (((Lang|grc|παρθένος)); "maidenly, chaste, virgin") and ((Lang|grc-Latn|kissos)) (((Lang|grc|κισσός)); "vine") and means approximately "virgin ivy" (hence the common name of the related "[[Virginia creeper]]"). ''Tricuspidata'', meaning approximately "with three points", comes from the Greek and [[Latin]] prefix ((Lang|grc-Latn|tri)) ("three") and the Latin ((Lang|la|cuspidata)) ("tipped, pointed").<ref name="gledhill">Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ((ISBN|9780521866453)) (hardback), ((ISBN|9780521685535)) (paperback).  pp 292, 386</ref>

In Mandarin Chinese, the plant goes by a number of names, most commonly ''páqiánghǔ'' (((lang|zh|爬墙虎)), lit. "wall-climbing tiger"), but also ''páshānhǔ'' (((lang|zh|爬山虎)), lit. "mountain-climbing tiger", also refers to ''[[Hedera helix]]''), ''dìjǐn'' (((lang|zh|地錦)), lit. "earth brocade", the name used in the ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]'' and the common name in Taiwan), ''tǔgǔténg'' (((lang|zh|土鼓藤)), lit. "dirt drum vine") and ''hóng pútáo téng'' (((lang|zh|红葡萄藤)), lit. "red grapevine").

In [[Taiwanese Hokkien]], the vine also has several names, including ''chhiûⁿ-piah-tîn'' (((lang|zh|牆壁藤)), lit. "wall vine"), ''peh-soaⁿ-hó͘ '' (((lang|zh|𬦰山虎)), lit. "mountain-climbing tiger"), ''âng-koah'' (((lang|zh|紅葛)), lit. "red vine"), ''thô͘-kó͘-tîn'' (((lang|zh|土鼓藤))  lit. "dirt drum vine", a cognate with the Mandarin) and ''âng-kut-chôa''<ref name="Hsieh">((cite book |author1=謝阿才 |translator1=Hsieh A-tsai |author2=楊再義 |translator2=Yang Tsai-i |date=1982 |script-title=zh:新撰台灣植物名彙 |trans-title=Nomenclature of Plants in Taiwan |url= |location=Taipei |publisher=國立臺灣大學農學院 |page=660 |language=zh |isbn=))</ref> (((lang|zh|紅骨蛇)), lit. "red-boned snake", a name that refers to at least five other plants as well).

In Korean, the plant is called ''damjaeng'ideonggul'' (((lang|ko|담쟁이덩굴))) in reference to it growing on walls.  In contexts of Korean traditional medicine, it is known as ''jigeum'' (((lang|ko|지금))/((script|Hani|地錦)), a cognate with the Mandarin Chinese ''dìjǐn'' from the ''Compendium of Materia Medica'', as well as other names such as ''nakseok'' (((lang|ko|낙석))/((script|Hant|絡石))), ''jangchundeung'' (((lang|ko|장춘등))/((script|Hani|長春藤))), ''pasanho'' (((lang|ko|파산호))/((script|Hani|爬山虎))), ''naman'' (((lang|ko|나만))/((script|Hani|蘿蔓))) and ''yongninbyeongnyeo'' (((lang|ko|용린벽려))/((script|Hani|龍鱗薜荔))).

In Japanese, the vine is known usually as ''tsuta'' (((lang|ja|蔦)); ((lang|ja|つた;ツタ))), but also as ''amazura'' (((lang|ja|甘葛)); ((lang|ja|あまづら; アマヅラ))), lit. "sweet vine"((efn|((ill|Amazura|ja|アマヅラ|italics=y)) refers often to syrup made from the vine (((lang|ja|甘葛煎; あまづらせん)); ''amazura-sen''); the same ''[[kanji]]'' in Mandarin Chinese refer to ((ill|Vitis saccharifera|wd=Q18082192|s=1|italics=y)).)) ''natsuzuta'' (((lang|ja|夏蔦)); ((lang|ja|なつづた; ナツヅタ))), or rarely ''jinishiki'' (((lang|ja|地錦)); ((lang|ja|じにしき;ジニシキ))).

In [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]], the vine is called ''cita'' (((lang|ryu|蔦)); ((lang|ryu|つぃた))), while in the Taiwanese indigenous language [[Paiwan language|Paiwan]] it is ''tiyaroromao''.<ref name="Hsieh"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Ivy Cover.JPG|Boston ivy covering the exterior of an [[apartment building]] near [[Kips Bay, Manhattan]]
Image:Ivy_on_Chicago_University_campus_building.jpg |Boston ivy covering a building on the [[University of Chicago]] campus
File:Cambridge - Japanese Creeper - 1308.jpg|Japanese creeper growing over a brick wall at the [[University of Cambridge]].
Image:Wilder_wein_02.jpg|Sticky disks of ''Parthenocissus tricuspidata''
Image:Wrigley_Field_400_sign.jpg| Wrigley Field's famous ivy covered outfield walls.
Image:Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Kalamata).jpg| Stone house covered with Boston ivy in [[Kalamata]]
File:Klättervildvin (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) Ystad-2015.jpg|Boston ivy covering a wall. [[Ystad]]/[[Sweden]].
20230730 Parthenocissus tricuspidata Winobluszcz trójklapowy Panewniki Poland 01.jpg|Leaf closeup 
</gallery>

== Notes ==
((Notelist))

== References ==
((Commons category|Parthenocissus tricuspidata))
((Reflist))

== External links ==
*[https://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/species/436%20005%2002%200 ''Parthenocissus tricuspidata'' ((lang|zh|地錦))] at Plants of Taiwan ((lang|zh|台灣植物資訊整合查詢系統))

((Taxonbar|from=Q157979))

[[Category:Parthenocissus|tricuspidata]]
[[Category:Vines]]
[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
[[Category:Flora of Korea]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1846]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philipp Franz von Siebold]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini]]

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