You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 34.205.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 05:44, 30 September 2026.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 05:38, 21 February 2024
- Expiry of block: 05:38, 21 February 2029
Your current IP address is 34.205.141.108. The blocked range is 34.205.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Refimprove|date=October 2020))
((Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = Mahamahopadhyaya Chandrasekhara Singha Harichandana Mahapatra
| name               = Pathani Samanta
| image              = Pathani_samant.jpg
| alt                = 
| birth_name         = 
| birth_date         = ((Birth date|1835|12|13|df=y))
| birth_place        = [[Khandpara State]]
| death_date         = ((Death date and age|1904|06|11|1836|12|13|df=y))
| death_place        = 
| death_cause        = 
| other_names        = 
| alma_mater         = 
| known_for          = Astronomy
| spouse             = 
| children           = 
))

'''Pathani Samanta'''((efn|ପଠାଣି ସାମନ୍ତ; ((IPA-or|pɔntʰani samoːntoː)))) better known as '''Mahamahopadhyaya Chandrasekhara Singha Harichandana Mahapatra Samanta'''((efn|ମହାମହୋପାଧ୍ୟାୟ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଶେଖର ସିଂହ ହରିଚନ୍ଦନ ମହାପାତ୍ର ସାମନ୍ତ; ((IPA-or|mɔhamɔhoːpadʰjajɒ t͜ʃɔndroseːkʰɔr siŋho horit͜ʃɔndoːn mɔhapatroː samoːntoː)))), was an Indian astronomer, mathematician and scholar who measured the distance from the [[Earth]] to the [[Sun]] with a bamboo pipe, and traditional instruments. He was born on 13 December 1835 in Purnimanta Pousha Krishna Ashtami, and died on 11 June 1904 in Purnimanta Adhika Jyeshtha Krishna Trayodashi.

His research and observations were compiled into a book called '''Siddhanta Darpana,''' which was written in both [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] and the [[Oriya alphabet|Odia script]]. He earned the [[Mahamahopadhyaya|Mahamahopadhyaya Award]] in 1893, for his usage of traditional instruments for astronomical observations.<ref name="naik">((cite journal|last=Naik|first=P. C.|title=Samanta Chandra Sekhar : The great naked eye astronomer|journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India|year=1998|volume=26|pages=33–49|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1998BASI...26...33N|author2=Satpathy, L.|bibcode=1998BASI...26...33N))</ref>

==Biography==
((Story|section|date=February 2020))Samanta was born in the [[princely state]] of [[Khandpara State|Khandpara]], in the [[Nayagarh district]] of the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://nayagarh.nic.in/sonofsoil/eminent%20person.html|title=EMINENT PERSONALITY))</ref> He was the son of Samanta Syamabandhu Singha and Bishnumali Devi. He was born into a royal family.

'''Why the "Pathani Samanta" ?'''

The legend depicted on the walls of the ''Pathani Samanta Planetarium'' in [[Bhubaneswar]] states that he was born to a royal couple the loss of many children, leaving them yearning for a healthy child. Hence, soon after his birth, he was given away in adoption to a [[Muslims|Muslim]] fakir to ward off the evil eye, a belief that was strongly prevalent at the time. In remembrance of the [[fakir]] and to ward off bad omens, the couple nicknamed their son 'Pathani'.

He went on to study [[Sanskrit]], and later researched traditional Indian astronomy.

During his youth time, Samanta measured the length of the shadows throughout the day by using bamboo and wood to create measuring instruments, which he called ''mana yantra''. He also measured time by using his version of a [[sundial]].<ref>((cite web|last1=Katti|first1=Madhuri|title=Chandrasekhar Samanta: India's Eye in the Sky|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/history-daily/2019/12/12/chandrasekhar-samanta-indias-eye-in-the-sky|accessdate=28 September 2020|website=Live History India))</ref>

He was the only Indian astronomer who discovered all three irregularities of the moon independently of European astronomers, which were unknown to ancient Indian astronomers.<ref name=":0" /> He continued to teach and attracted pupils worldwide despite his persistent health problems and [[insomnia]]. On June 11, 1904, he died suddenly from fever and infection. <ref>((cite web|last1=Katti|first1=Madhuri|title=Chandrasekhar Samanta: India's Eye in the Sky|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/history-daily/2019/12/12/chandrasekhar-samanta-indias-eye-in-the-sky|accessdate=28 September 2020|website=Live History India))</ref>

== Education ==
He was home-schooled by his father, who introduced him to the joys of night star-gazing, and later by a Brahmin teacher, who gave him a basic education in both Odia and Sanskrit.
By the age of 15, he had become a self-learner, referring to the books available in the royal library. Samanta was a voracious reader and devoured classical treatises like ''Lilavati, Bijaganita, Jyotisha, Siddhanta, Vyakarana,'' and ''Kavya''. It was during this time that he pursued mathematics and traditional astronomy, and started matching predictions made by ancient Indian mathematician-astronomers such as [[Aryabhata|Aryabhatta]] - 1(476 CE), [[Varāhamihira|Varahamihira]] (503 CE), [[Brahmagupta]] (598 CE) and Bhaskara – II (1114 CE) and others, with real observations of celestial objects in the night sky.
Although traditional Indian astronomy had veered more toward astrology, focusing more on future predictions based on planetary positions and the preparation of auspicious almanacs for rituals, Samanta focused minutely on the mathematical calculations and observational facts that went into these predictions. When he found discrepancies, he designed his own instruments to measure the phenomena, using everyday materials such as wood and bamboo!

== Instrument maker ==
Samanta was a self-taught astronomer and learned by reading the books available at the Royal Library until age 15. During his research, Samanta designed many of his instruments by using everyday materials such as wooden sticks and bamboo.<ref name=":0">((Cite web|last=Panda|first=Bipin Bihari|date=2000|title=PATHANI SAMANTA AND HIS THEORY OF PLANETARY MOTION|url=http://www.oocities.org/uuphy2000/psbipin.PDF|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=))</ref> After studying mathematics and traditional astronomy he used his knowledge to match predictions made by ancient Indian mathematicians and astronomers such as [[Aryabhata]], [[Varāhamihira|Varahamihira]], and [[Brahmagupta]]. 

He carried out research in measurements using only a bamboo pipe and two wooden sticks.<ref>((cite web|title=Samanta Chandrasekhar|url=http://www.scaaabbsr.com/scs.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222033743/http://www.scaaabbsr.com/scs.html|archivedate=February 22, 2014))</ref> His findings were recorded in his book titled '''Siddhanta Darpana''' and were mentioned in the European and American press in 1899. Samanta’s calculations were eventually used in the preparation of [[almanacs]] in Odisha.

== Working With Wood & Bamboo ==
The treatises Samanta was referring to had only clues to the observational devices used, so he decided to make his own measuring instruments made of locally available bamboo and wood. They used basic [[geometry]] and [[trigonometry]] to calculate distance, height, and time. There are many local tales of Samanta measuring the height at which birds fly, finding the height of trees, and persons using the length of shadows and calculating the distance and height of mountains from his fixed location using an instrument he invented called mana yantra. 

He used his own versions of the sundial and imprsundialater clocks to measure time. Here are a few sketches of these instruments from the article published by Prof P.C. Naik and Prof. L Satpathy in the [[Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India]] (1998).

== Awards & Recogition ==
Samanta received the title "Harichandan Mahapatra" from the Gajapati King of Puri in 1870, and the revered [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]] still adheres to the calendar rules he suggested for carrying out its ceremonies.
The British government, which ruled India during Samanta's lifetime, conferred upon him the title of '''''<nowiki/>'Mahamahopadhyay'''''' in 1893 and awarded him a pension of Rs 50 per month for his contributions to astronomy after he correctly predicted the time and place of a solar eclipse that was visible only in Britain.

== Personal life and legacy ==
Samanta married Sita Devi, the daughter of King [[Angul|Anugul]], in 1857 in a rather dramatic way after the bride's family rejected the alliance on the couple's wedding day because Samanta didn't look princely enough, according to his family history, which was written by his grandson ''Raghunath Singh Samanta'' and published in the book "''Pathani Samanta Jeebani Darpana"''. He reportedly won over the bride's family at the wedding with his faultless sloka recitation.
[[Odisha]] has kept his legacy relevant by displaying his work in the state museum, naming the [[planetarium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] after him; and dedicating educational institutions, scholarships, and amateur astronomy clubs to his memory. Astronomers and astrophysicists both in India and beyond have praised his work, earning him the moniker '''"Indian Tycho."''' 
However, the general public is mostly unaware of this brilliant astronomer who observed the universe with only the naked eye, as well as of the incredible scientific advances he accomplished with only a few pieces of bamboo and wood and the sheer force of his brilliance. He deserves to be celebrated just like Aryabhatta, Bhaskara, and others - probably as the last torch bearer of the Indian traditional astronomy.
==Notes==
((notelist))

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

==Bibliography==
*((cite book|editor=Satpathy, L.|chapter=Samanta Chandra Sekhar and his Contributions to Ancient Indian Astronomy.|title=Ancient Indian Astronomy and Contributions of Samanta Chandra Sekhar|year=2003|url=((google books |plainurl=y |id=nh6jgEEqqkkC))|isbn=9788173194320))
*((cite book|chapter=Samanta Chandra Sekhara and His Treatise Siddhantadarpana.|title=500 years of Tantrasangraha: a landmark in the history of astronomy|year=2002|page=127|isbn=9788179860090|url=((google books|plainurl=y|id=Wf4UAQAAMAAJ|page=127))|last1=Sriram|first1=M. S.|last2=Ramasubramanian|first2=K.|last3=Srinivas|first3=M. D.))

((Indian astronomy))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Samant, Pathani))
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Astronomers from British India]]
[[Category:Khandpara State]]
[[Category:Astronomical instrument makers]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Pathani Samanta (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Birth date (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Br separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Count (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Death date and age (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Efn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Google books (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:IAST (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:IPA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:IPA-or (edit)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Indian astronomy (edit)
Template:Infobox person (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNUMBER (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Notelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Pluralize from text (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Refimprove (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Story (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Transl (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Transliteration (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Trim (view source) (protected)
Template:Unbulleted list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Wikidata image (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Age (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/auxiliary (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for clobbered parameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Pathani Samanta.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathani_Samanta"