Patricia Era Bath
Born(1942-11-04)November 4, 1942
New York City, U.S.
DiedMay 30, 2019(2019-05-30) (aged 76)
San Francisco, California, U.S.
Alma materHunter College (B.A.)
Howard University (M.D.)
Occupation(s)Ophthalmologist, humanitarian

Patricia Era Bath (November 4, 1942 – May 30, 2019) was an American ophthalmologist and humanitarian. She became the first female member of the Jules Stein Eye Institute, the first woman to lead a post-graduate training program in ophthalmology, and the first woman elected to the honorary staff of the UCLA Medical Center. Bath was the first African-American to serve as a resident in ophthalmology at New York University. She was also the first African-American woman to serve on staff as a surgeon at the UCLA Medical Center. Bath was the first African-American woman doctor to receive a patent for a medical purpose.[citation needed] A holder of five patents,[1] she founded the non-profit American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness in Washington, D.C.[2]

Early life and education

Born 1942, in Harlem, New York, Patricia Bath was the daughter of Rupert and Gladys Bath.[3] Her father was an immigrant from Trinidad, a newspaper columnist, a merchant seaman and the first black man to work for the New York City Subway as a motorman.[4][5] Her father inspired her love for culture and encouraged her to explore different cultures.[6] Her mother was descended from African slaves and Cherokee Native Americans.[4] Throughout her childhood, Bath was often told by her parents to "never settle for less than [her] best" and had been encouraged by their support of her education. Her mother, encouraging her dreams and love of science, had bought her her first chemistry set. By the time she had reached high school, Bath was already a National Science Foundation scholar. This led to her cancer research earning a front-page feature in the New York Times.[7][8] Patricia and her brother attended Charles Evans Hughes High School where both students excelled in science and math.[9]

Inspired by the French Nobel Peace Prize laureate Albert Schweitzer's work in medicine,[5] Bath applied for and won a National Science Foundation Scholarship while attending high school; this led her to a research project at Yeshiva University and Harlem Hospital Center studying connections between cancer, nutrition, and stress.[10][11] In this summer program, led by Rabbi Moses D. Tendler, Bath had studied the effects of streptomycin residue on bacteria. Through this, she was able to conclude that cancer, itself, was a catabolic disease and tumor growth was a symptom.[12][13] She had also discovered a mathematical equation that could be used to predict cancer cell growth.[citation needed] The head of the research program realized the significance of her findings and published them in a scientific paper.[6] Her discoveries were also shared at the International Fifth Congress of Nutrition in the fall of 1960.[13]

In 1960, at the age of eighteen years old, Bath won a "Merit Award" of Mademoiselle magazine for her contribution to the project.[5]

Bath received her Bachelor of Arts in chemistry from Manhattan's Hunter College in 1964.[3] She then relocated to Washington, D.C. to attend Howard University College of Medicine.[5] Her first year at Howard coincided with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. She co-founded the Student National Medical Association and became its first woman president in 1965.[citation needed] At Howard, she was awarded a Children's Bureau National Government Fellowship Award to do research in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in the summer of 1967, where her research focused on pediatric surgery.[14] The highlight of the award ceremony was the meeting of Earl Warren, chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, at the US Embassy in Belgrade.[citation needed] Bath graduated with honors from Howard University College of Medicine in 1968.[5] She was awarded the Edwin Watson Prize for Excellence in Ophthalmology by her mentor, Lois A. Young.[citation needed]

The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., in 1968, caused Bath to dedicate herself to achieving one of the dreams of King, namely the empowerment of people through the Poor People's Campaign. She organized and led Howard University medical students in providing volunteer health care services to the Poor People's Campaign in Resurrection City in the summer of 1968.[15]

Bath returned to her Harlem community and interned at Harlem Hospital Center, which had just become affiliated with Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. During her internship, she observed large proportions of blind patients at Harlem Hospital in comparison to patients at the Columbia University Eye Clinic. Prior to beginning her ophthalmology residency study at NYU in 1970, Bath was awarded a one-year fellowship from Columbia University to study and contribute to eye care services at Harlem Hospital. She began collecting data on blindness and visual impairment at Harlem Hospital, which did not have any ophthalmologists on staff. Her data and passion for improvement persuaded her professors from Columbia to begin operating on blind patients, without charge, at Harlem Hospital Center.[16] Bath was proud to be on the Columbia team that performed the first eye surgery at Harlem Hospital in November 1969.[citation needed]

Bath served her residency in ophthalmology at New York University, from 1970 to 1973, the first African American to do so.[5][4] She got married and had a daughter, Eraka, in 1972.[4]

Career

After completing her residency at NYU, Bath began a Corneal fellowship program at Columbia University, which focused on corneal transplantation and keratoprosthesis surgery (1973 to 1974). While a fellow, she was recruited by both the UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute and Charles R. Drew University to co-found an ophthalmology residency program at Martin Luther King, Jr. Hospital. She then began her career in Los Angeles, becoming the first woman ophthalmologist on the faculty at Jules Stein Eye Institute at UCLA. When asked who her mentor was, Bath responded by saying her relationship with family physician Cecil Marquez inspired her to pursue this specific career.[4] She was appointed assistant chief of the King-Drew-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Program in 1974, and was appointed chief in 1983.[17]

At both institutions, Bath rose to the rank of associate professor. At UCLA, she founded the Ophthalmic Assistant Training Program (OATP) in 1978. The graduates of the OATP are key personnel to provide screening, health education, and support for blindness prevention strategies.[4][10][18]

While at UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, Bath established the Keratoprosthesis Program to provide advanced surgical treatment for blind patients. The program continues today as the KPRO and thousands of patients have had their eyesight restored with this innovative technology. Based on her research and achievements with keratoprosthesis, Bath was chosen to lead the first national keratoprosthesis study in 1983.[19]

In 1983, Bath was appointed Chair of the KING-DREW-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Program, becoming the first woman in the US to head an ophthalmology residency program.[5][4]

While at UCLA, Bath had wanted to pursue research, though being denied the grants and resources by the National Institutes of Health and the National Eye Institute. It was then she had decided to look further for the best laboratories in the world, to support her plans for innovation in the world of ophthalmology.[17] In 1986, Bath elected to take a sabbatical from clinical and administrative responsibilities and concentrate on research.[20] She resigned her position as chair of ophthalmology and followed her research pursuits as visiting professor at centers of excellence in France, England and Germany. In France, she served as visiting professor at the Rothschilde Eye Institute of Paris with Director, Daniele Aron-Rosa. In England, she served as visiting professor with Professor Emmony at the Loughborough Institute of Technology. In Germany, she served as visiting professor at the University of Free Berlin and the laser medical center.

In 1993, Bath retired from UCLA, which subsequently elected her the first woman on its honorary staff.[4][5]

Bath served as a professor of ophthalmology at Howard University's School of Medicine and as a professor of telemedicine and ophthalmology at St. Georges University[18][21] ophthalmology training program.[22] Being a strong advocate for telemedicine, Bath had supported the innovation of virtual labs, as a part of the curriculum in ophthalmology residency training programs, to provide surgeons with more realistic experience, made possible by 3D imaging. In an article written by Bath, in the Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, she had proven that with better training and supervision in residency programs, students were able to achieve better results in their surgeries, leading to greater visual acuity.[23]

Bath lectured internationally and authored over 100 papers.[22]

Blindness studies and community ophthalmology

Based on her observations at Harlem Hospital, Bath published the first scientific paper showing the higher prevalence of blindness among Blacks.[24][25] Bath also found that African American people had eight times higher prevalence of glaucoma as a cause of blindness.[26]

Based on her research, Bath pioneered the discipline of community ophthalmology in 1976[27] after observations of epidemics rates of preventable blindness among under-served populations in urban areas in the US as well as under-served populations in third-world countries.[24][28] Community ophthalmology was described as a new discipline in medicine promoting eye health and blindness prevention through programs using methodologies of public health, community medicine and ophthalmology to bring necessary eye care to under-served populations.[4]

Humanitarian work

Bath's main humanitarian efforts are at the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness(AIPB). Co-founded in 1976 with Alfred Cannon, an American psychiatrist and community organizer, and Aaron Ifekwunigwe, a Nigerian-born pediatrician and human rights advocate, the organization was created on the principle that "eyesight was a basic human right." Through this organization, Bath spread eye care worldwide by providing newborns with free eye drops, vitamins, and vaccinations against diseases that can cause blindness, including measles. Bath spent her time as director traveling the world performing surgeries, teaching and lecturing at colleges.[29][2] Bath claims her "personal best moment" was while she was in North Africa and using keratoprosthesis, was able to restore the sight of a woman who been blind for over 30 years.[30]

With AIPB, Bath traveled to Tanzania in 2005, where cataracts were the main cause of childhood blindness.[31] In Africa, AIPB provided computers and other digital resources for visually impaired students, specifically at the Mwereni School for the Blind in Tanzania and St. Oda School for the Visually Impaired in Kenya.[2]

Bath was recognized for her philanthropic work in the field of ophthalmology by President Barack Obama. In 2009 she was on stage with President Obama, and was appointed to commission for digital accessibility to blind children.[32]

In April 2019, Bath testified in a hearing called the "Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation" at the Senate Office Building in Washington D.C. Bath discussed gender disparities in the STEM and lack of female inventors.[33]

Inventions

In 1986, Bath did research in the laboratory of Danièle Aron-Rosa, a pioneer researcher in lasers and ophthalmology at Rothschild Eye Institute of Paris,[34] and then at the Laser Medical Center in Berlin, where she was able to begin early studies in laser cataract surgery, including her first experiment with excimer laser photoablation using human eye bank eyes.[34]

Bath coined the term "laser phaco" for the process, short for laser photoablative cataract surgery,[35] and developed the laser phaco probe, a medical device that improves on the use of lasers to remove cataracts, and "for ablating and removing cataract lenses". Bath first had the idea for this type of device in 1981, but did not apply for a patent until several years later.[36] The device was completed in 1986 after Bath conducted research on lasers in Berlin and patented in 1988,[37] making her the first African-American woman to receive a patent for a medical purpose.[10] The device — which quickly and nearly painlessly dissolves the cataract with a laser, irrigates and cleans the eye and permits the easy insertion of a new lens — is used internationally to treat the disease.[4][3][5] Bath continued to improve the device and successfully restored vision to people who had been unable to see for decades.[18][38]

Bath holds five patents in the United States.[1] Three of Bath's five patents relate to the Laserphaco Probe.[18] In 2000, she was granted a patent for a method for using pulsed ultrasound to remove cataracts,[5] and in 2003 a patent for combining laser and ultrasound to remove cataracts.

List of U.S. patents

Honors and awards

Dr. Bath had also been a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons from 1976 to 1989, a fellow of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, as well as a member of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery and the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.[39]

Bath has been honored by two of her universities. Hunter College placed her in its "hall of fame" in 1988 and Howard University declared her a "Howard University Pioneer in Academic Medicine" in 1993.[5] Several books for young people have been published about her life and work in science, including "Patricia’s Vision: The Doctor Who Saved Sight" by Michelle Lord;[54] "Patricia Bath and Laser Surgery" by Ellen Labrecqua,[55] and "The Doctor with an Eye for Eyes: The Story of Dr. Patricia Bath" by Julia Finley Mosca,[21] which was cited by both the National Science Teachers Association and the Chicago Public Library's list of best children's books of the year. She is also the subject of a short play, "The Prize (about Dr. Patricia Bath)" by Cynthia L. Cooper[56]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Patricia E. Bath, Google patent search. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c "American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness". blindnessprevention.org. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Wilson, Donald; Jane Wilson (2003). The Pride of African American History. AuthorHouse. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4107-2873-9.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Dr. Patricia E. Bath". Changing the Face of Medicine. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lambert, Laura (September 1, 2007). "Patricia Bath: Inventor of laser cataract surgery". Inventors and Inventions. Marshall Cavendish. 1: 69–74. ISBN 978-0-7614-7763-1.
  6. ^ a b "Patricia Bath – Inventor, Doctor, educator". Biography.com. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  7. ^ "Ground breaking African American female doctor says she had to 'shake off haters' on her way to success". ABC News. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  8. ^ Genzlinger, Neil (June 4, 2019). "Dr. Patricia Bath, 76, Who Took On Blindness and Earned a Patent, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  9. ^ Farmer, Vernon L.; Shepherd-Wynn, Evelyn (2012). Voices of Historical and Contemporary Black American Pioneers. ABC-CLIO. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0313392252.
  10. ^ a b c Henderson, Susan K. (1998). African-American Inventors III. Capstone Press. pp. 9–13. ISBN 978-1-56065-698-2.
  11. ^ Williams, James Henry (2011). African American Inventors and Pioneers. Xlibris Corporation. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4568-4000-6.
  12. ^ Osmundsen, John S (August 31, 1959). "28 Science-Minded Teen-Agers Report on Summer of Research: Such Heady Stuff as the Metabolism of Tritiated Thymidine in Mice Fails to faze Special Yeshiva Group". The New York Times. Proquest.
  13. ^ a b "Teen-age Scientist Is Named One of 'The Ten Young Women of the Year'". Atlanta Daily World. Proquest. December 31, 1960. ProQuest 491214922.
  14. ^ Chamberlain, Gaius (November 26, 2012). "Patricia Bath | The Black Inventor Online Museum". Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  15. ^ Mazique, E. C. (1968). "Health services and the Poor People's Campaign". Journal of the National Medical Association. 60 (4): 332–333. PMC 2611562. PMID 5661208.
  16. ^ "Patricia Bath | Influential Women". Influential Women. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  17. ^ a b c "Lessons I've Learned". The Ophthalmologist. September 7, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  18. ^ a b c d "Modern Black Inventors". Jet. 101 (7): 55. February 4, 2002. ISSN 0021-5996. (pdf at google books)
  19. ^ Aquavella J.; Bath, P.; Buxton, G.; Cardona, H.; Dohlman, C.; Farris, L.; Girard, L.; McNeil, J.; Polack, F.; Waring, G. and; Also, D. Willard.; Helmsen, R.; Binder, P.; Groden, L. and; Fogle, J., "Keratoprosthesis Conference", Cornea, September 1983, Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 229–236.
  20. ^ Green, Andrew (August 10, 2019). "Patricia Bath". The Lancet (Obituary). 394 (10197): 464. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31684-8. ISSN 0140-6736.
  21. ^ a b Mosca, Julia Finley (2017). The Doctor with an Eye for Eyes: The Story of Dr. Patricia Bath (Amazing Scientist). The Innovation Press. ISBN 9781943147311.
  22. ^ a b Group, Career Communications (October–November 1997). "1997 Women of Color". U.S. Black Engineer & IT: 42. ISSN 1088-3444.
  23. ^ Bath, Patricia E. (June 1998). "Cataract Surgery Training of Residents in an Urban and Virtual Environment". Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. 24 (6): 727–729. doi:10.1016/S0886-3350(98)80118-1. ISSN 0886-3350. PMID 9642577. S2CID 7409725.
  24. ^ a b Bath, Patricia E. (February 1979). "Rationale for a program in community ophthalmology". J Natl Med Assoc. 71 (2): 145–8. PMC 2537323. PMID 423288.
  25. ^ Bath, Patricia E. (October 1990). "Blacks at Greater Risk of Blindness," Archives of Ophthalmology, 108, pp. 1377–8.
  26. ^ Kermode-Scott, Barbara (July 19, 2019). "Patricia Bath: ophthalmologist, inventor, and humanitarian". BMJ: l4768. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4768. ISSN 0959-8138. S2CID 199609085.
  27. ^ "U.S. Ophthalmologist, Dr. Patricia E. Bath first defined the term community ophthalmology in her 1976 presentation to the American Public Health Association meeting in Miami, Florida." Source: Logan D. A. Williams, "Introduction", Eradicating Blindness: Global Health Innovation from South Asia, Springer, August 20, 2018, p. 9.
  28. ^ Bath, Patricia E. (May 1978). "Blindness Prevention Through Program in Community Ophthalmology in Developing Countries[permanent dead link]", Excerpts Media Series 442, Amsterdam, Oxford CCIII International Congress of Ophthalmology, 1913–1915.
  29. ^ Kennon, Caroline (December 15, 2017). Hidden No More: African American Women in STEM Careers. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1-5345-6243-1.
  30. ^ "Dr. Patricia Bath's genius helped eye doctors". Philadelphia Tribune. February 12, 2017.
  31. ^ Bowman, R. J. C. (October 2005). "How should blindness in children be managed?". Eye. 19 (10): 1037–1043. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6701988. ISSN 1476-5454. PMID 16304582.
  32. ^ President, United States (2009). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Federal Register Division, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration.
  33. ^ "Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation | United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary". www.judiciary.senate.gov. April 3, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  34. ^ a b American Academy of Ophthalmology, Conversation Between Patricia Bath, MD and Eve Higginbotham, MD, Orlando, FL, October 23, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  35. ^ Bath, P. E., "Laserphaco: an introduction and review," Ophthalmic Laser Therapy, Vol 3, no. 2 (1988), pp. 75–82.
  36. ^ "Dr. Patricia Bath remembers inventing the laser phaco probe pt. 1". The History Makers. November 29, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  37. ^ Patricia E. Bath, US Patent 4,744,360, Apparatus for ablating and removing cataract lenses, issued May 17, 1988 (filed December 18, 1986). Retrieved February 24, 2019,
  38. ^ Stewart, David (2005). What's the Big Idea?. Salariya Publishers. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-904642-56-5.
  39. ^ a b "Patricia E. Bath, January 1999". St. George's University. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  40. ^ Center, Smithsonian Lemelson (March 3, 2005). "Innovative Lives: The Right To Sight: Patricia Bath". Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  41. ^ Center, Smithsonian Lemelson (July 23, 2014). "Patricia Bath Innovative Lives Presentation, February 17, 2000 and March 1, 2000". Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  42. ^ Ramati, Philip (September 30, 2006). "Accomplished doctor/inventor to be honored with Tubman's Shelia Award". McClatchy-Tribune Business News.
  43. ^ "Museum of Vision: Biographies". March 9, 2017. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  44. ^ "Dr. Patricia Bath – Laserphaco". Disruptor Awards. January 19, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  45. ^ Association of Black Women Physicians. (2020). Virtual 39th Annual Charity and Scholarship Benefit. [Program].https://www.blackwomenphysicians.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ABWP-2020-BOOK-updated-10-22.pdf
  46. ^ a b "Honors – Dr. Patricia Bath". Dr. Patricia Bath – Just another WordPress site. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  47. ^ "The Distinguished Women of Alpha Kappa Alpha". The Shadow League. January 15, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  48. ^ "Medscape: Medscape Access".
  49. ^ "THE INVENTOR: Patricia Bath | First person to invent and demonstrate laserphaco cataract surgery", Firsts, Time.
  50. ^ "Hispanic Federation President Jose Calderón Inducted Into The Hunter College Hall of Fame by Hunter College President Jennifer J. Raab", Hunter College.
  51. ^ "The 171st Anniversary Discourse & Awards and Annual Meeting of the Voting Fellows", The New York Academy of Medicine, November 1, 2018.
  52. ^ "25th Annual Bipartisan Congressional Awards Dinner" Archived January 12, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Alliance for Aging Research, October 2, 2018.
  53. ^ Scottie Andrew (September 28, 2021). "Black women will be inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for the first time". CNN. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  54. ^ Lord, Michelle (2020). Patricia's Vision: The Doctor Who Saved Sight. Sterling Children’s Books. p. 48. ISBN 978-1454931379. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  55. ^ Labrecqua, Ellen (2017). Patricia Bath and Laser Surgery (21st Century Junior Library ed.). Cherry Lake Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 9781634721806. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  56. ^ Cooper, Cynthia. "The Prize (about Dr. Patricia Bath)". NPX: National New Play Network. Retrieved January 13, 2022.

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