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[[Image:Pehr Henrik Ling.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pehr Henrik Ling]]
[[Image:Per Henrik Ling s.jpg|thumb|Bust of Pehr Henrik Ling in [[Gothenburg]]]]
[[File:Linggymnastik Gymnastiska Centralinstitutet Stockholm ca 1900, gih002.jpg|alt=Swedish gymnastics about 1900|thumb|Swedish gymnastics at the [[Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences|Royal Central Gymnastics Institute]] in Stockholm about 1900]]

'''Pehr Henrik Ling''' (15 November 1776 in [[Ljungby Municipality|Södra Ljunga]] – 3 May 1839 in [[Stockholm]])<ref name=":0">((Cite book|title = A Biographical Sketch of the Swedish Poet and Gymnasiarch, Peter Henry Ling|last = Georgii|first = Augustus|publisher = H. Bailliere, London|year = 1854|location = Oxford University|pages = [https://archive.org/details/abiographicalsk00linggoog/page/n11 1]–2, 39|url = https://archive.org/details/abiographicalsk00linggoog))</ref> pioneered the teaching of [[physical education]] in [[Sweden]]. Ling is credited as the father of [[Swedish massage]].

==Early life==
Ling was born in [[Ljungby Municipality|Södra Ljunga]], [[Småland]] in 1776.  His parents were
Lars Peter Ling, a minister, and Hedvig Maria (Hedda) Molin.  On his maternal side, Ling was the great-great grandson of the famous Swedish scientist [[Olof Rudbeck]] (1630–1702), who discovered the human [[lymphatic system]]. His family tree extends back to the sixteenth century and includes clergymen and peasants. His great grandfather apparently lived to 105 and had seventeen sons and two daughters.<ref name="LA84">((cite web | url=http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1939/ORUE5/ORUE5b.pdf | title=Pehr Henrik Ling On the Occasion of the One Hundredth Anniversary of His Death | publisher=library.la.84 | access-date=22 November 2015 | author=Diem, Carl | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912061701/http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1939/ORUE5/ORUE5b.pdf | archive-date=12 September 2016 | url-status=dead ))</ref>  After graduating from the [[Växjö]] [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] in 1792, he studied theology at [[Lund University]] from 1793, completing his degree at [[Uppsala University]] in 1799.<ref name=":0" /> He then worked as a tutor for several families for the next three years.<ref name="Massage">((cite web | url=http://www.massagetoday.com/mpacms/mt/article.php?id=14291 | title=The Life of Pehr Henrik Ling | publisher=Massage Today | date=September 2010 | access-date=22 November 2015 | author=Calvert, Judi))</ref>

==Travels ==
In 1800, Ling left Sweden and lived abroad and traveled for seven years. He studied modern languages at the University of Copenhagen. He then traveled to Germany, France, and England. He took part in a naval battle as a volunteer on a Danish ship.<ref name="Massage"/>  
Ling studied [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] and [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]], the [[Edda]] and northern mythology, and composed original poems in Swedish, German, French and Danish. He learned fencing at a school of French emigres and noticed its benefits, and those of physical education, on the gout in his arm.<ref name="LA84"/>  Financial difficulties and [[rheumatism]] caused him to return to Sweden.

==Teaching==
[[File:Linggymnastik Gymnastiska Centralinstitutet Stockholm ca 1910, gih001.jpg|alt=Swedish gymnastics about 1900|thumb|Swedish gymnastics at the [[Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences|Royal Central Gymnastics Institute]] in Stockholm, c. 1900]]

He read [[Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths]]' book ''Gymnastics for the Youth'', and participated in the gymnastic exercises of the originator of Danish gymnastics, [[Franz Nachtegall]] He returned to Sweden 1804 in order to establish a gymnastic institute.<ref name="LA84"/>

It is possible that Ling's gymnastics were inspired by Chinese body exercises. Also it is possible that there was a lot of influence from Ling's method in the development of Chinese body exercises, that is from the West to China.<ref name="Singleton 2015">((cite web |last1=Singleton |first1=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=Preface to the Serbian edition of Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice Mark SingletonTranslated by Nikola Pešić (Belgrade: Neopress Publishing, 2015) |url=https://www.academia.edu/17411279 |publisher=Academia.edu |date=2015))</ref>

Back in Sweden, Ling began a routine of daily exercise, including fencing, and in 1805 was appointed as a master of fencing at Lund University. Having discovered that his daily exercises had restored his health, Ling decided to apply this experience for the benefit of others. He saw the potential of adapting these techniques to promote better health in many situations and thus attended classes in [[anatomy]] and [[physiology]], and went through the entire curriculum for the training of a medical doctor. He then outlined a system of [[gymnastics]], exercises, and maneuvers divided into four branches: pedagogical, medical, military, and aesthetic which carried out his theories and demonstrated the scientific rigor to be integrated or approved by established medical practitioners.
Ling was the gymnastics instructor in the Military Academy at Carlsberg.<ref name="LA84"/>

After several attempts to interest the Swedish government, Ling at last obtained government cooperation in 1813,<ref>((cite journal|last1=Tidskr|first1=Sven Med|title=Pehr Henrik Ling and his impact on gymnastics|pmid=19848036|volume=12|issue=1|pages=61–8|journal=Sven Med Tidskr|year=2008))</ref> and founded the [[Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences|Royal Central Gymnastics Institute]] for the training of gymnastic instructors was opened in [[Stockholm]],<ref name="Brit">((cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Per-Henrik-Ling | title=Pehr Henrik Ling - Swedish Physical Educator | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date=22 November 2015))</ref> with Ling appointed as principal. Ling invented physical education apparatus including the box horse, [[wall bars]], and beams.<ref name="Brit"/> He is also credited with developing [[calisthenics]] and free calisthenics.<ref name="Brit"/>  Orthodox medical practitioners were opposed to the claims made by Ling and his disciples. However, by 1831, Ling was elected a member of the [[Swedish General Medical Association]] (Svenska läkaresällskapet), which demonstrated that his methods were regarded as worthy of professional recognition. He was elected a member of the [[Swedish Academy]] in 1835<ref name="PHL">((cite journal | title=Pehr Henrik Ling and his impact on gymnastics | author=Brodin, H. | pmid=19848036 | volume=12 | issue=1 | journal=Sven Med Tidskr | year=2008 | pages=61–8))</ref>  and became a titular [[professor]] the same year.

==Legacy==
((See also|Niels Bukh))
[[File:PRESCRIPTION Wellcome L0032196.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Prescription of gymnastic exercises by Henrik Kellgren from the ''Schwedisches Heilgymnastisches Institut'']]

When Ling died of [[tuberculosis]]<ref name="PHL"/> in 1839, he had charged three of his pupils with carrying on his legacy. These pupils were [[Lars Gabriel Branting]] (1799–1881), who succeeded Ling as principal of the Institute; [[August Georgii]], who became sub-director of the Institute; and his own son, [[Hjalmar Ling]] (1820–1886). These three, along with Major [[Thure Brandt]], who from c. 1861 specialized in the treatment of women (gynecological gymnastics), are regarded as the pioneers of Swedish medical gymnastics.

Although Ling is sometimes credited as the father of [[Swedish massage]], it was not a part of his Gymnastic Movements nor the curriculum of the Royal Central Gymnastic Institute founded by Ling in 1813.<ref name=Calvert>((cite web|last=Calvert|first=Robert Noah|title=Swedish Massage|url=http://www.massagemag.com/Magazine/2002/issue100/history100.php|publisher=Massage Magazine|access-date=15 June 2013))</ref>  The Swedish massage techniques [[effleurage]] (long, gliding strokes), [[petrissage]] (lifting and kneading the muscles), friction (firm, deep, circular rubbing movements), [[tapotement]] (brisk tapping or percussive movements), and vibration (rapidly shaking or vibrating specific muscles) are largely credited to [[Johann Georg Mezger]] (1838–1909).<ref name=Calvert/>

Some sources mention that Ling learned massage from a Chinese friend, Ming, but this was an invention of Ling’s rivals, in an effort to discredit his work. Although Ling was probably aware of [[Chinese massage]], he instead developed a system of integrated manual therapy, combining physical training and gymnastic procedures with knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pathology.<ref name=Ottosson>((cite journal|last=Ottosson|first=A|title=The first historical movements of kinesiology: scientification in the borderline between physical culture and medicine around 1850.|journal=Int J Hist Sport|year=2010|volume=27|issue=11|pages=1892–1919|doi=10.1080/09523367.2010.491618|pmid=20653114|s2cid=205633105))</ref> He was the first to publish and popularize such a system with modern scientific knowledge.

((anchor|Lingiaden))
[[File:Ling 1949.jpg|thumb|The second "Lingiad" gymnastics competition, Stockholm, 1949]]

Ling's system of [[medical gymnastics]] also influenced later institutions and systems. The Gymnastic Orthopedic Institute was founded in Stockholm in 1822 by Nils Åkerman, which from 1827 received a government grant. Around 1857, [[Gustav Zander]] developed a medico-mechanical system of gymnastics, known by his name, founding the Zander Institute at Stockholm in 1865. At the Stockholm Gymnastic Central Institute, qualified medical faculties have supervised the medical department since 1864. The [[Dedham Public Schools]] began teaching the Ling System in 1893.<ref>((cite book|last=Smith|first=Frank |title=A History of Dedham, Massachusetts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8EMAAAAYAAJ|access-date=21 July 2019|year=1936|publisher=Transcript Press, Incorporated|page=135))</ref>

Broadly speaking, there have been two streams of development in the Swedish gymnastics founded on Ling's beginnings, either in a conservative direction, making certain forms of gymnastic exercises subsidiary to the prescriptions of orthodox medical science, or else in an extremely progressive direction, making these exercises a substitute for any other treatment, and claiming them as cures for diseases. A representative of the latter, more extreme section was [[Henrik Kellgren]] (1837–1916), who had a special school and following.

Other accounts of Dr Ling's practice and philosophies were published: a ''Handbook of Medical Gymnastics'' (English edition, 1899) by Anders Wide of Stockholm represents the more conservative practice. Henrik Kellgren's system is partially based on Ling's, and is described in ''The Elements of Kellgren's Manual Treatment'' (1903) by Edgar F. Cyriax, who, before earning his MD at Edinburgh, had served at the Stockholm Institute as a gymnastic director. See also the encyclopedic work ''Sweden: its people and its industry: historical and statistical handbook'' (1904), p.&nbsp;348, edited by Gustav Sandburg for the Swedish government.

The yoga scholar [[Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)|Mark Singleton]] states that Ling's gymnastics shaped the development of modern [[yoga as exercise]] in the Western world.<ref>((cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=Yoga Body : the origins of modern posture practice | publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539534-1 |oclc=318191988 |title-link=Yoga Body |pages=84–88))</ref>

In 1939 and again in 1949, Sweden held a large gymnastics competition named for Ling, "The Lingiad" (written ''Lingiaden'' in Swedish).<ref name="Smithells2013">((cite journal |last1=Smithells |first1=Philip A. |title=Going to the Lingiad? |journal=Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation |volume=20 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=94 |issn=2326-7232 |doi=10.1080/23267232.1949.10626857))</ref>

==Honors and awards==
Honorary Fellow in Memoriam, National Academy of Kinesiology<ref>((cite journal |last1=Cardinal |first1=Bradley J. |title=The National Academy of Kinesiology: Its founding, focus, and future |journal=Kinesiology Review |date=2022 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=6–25 |doi=10.1123/kr.2021-0064))</ref>

== References ==
<references />
*((EB1911|wstitle=Ling, Pehr Henrik|volume=16|page=728))
See also the encyclopedic work: Sandburg, Gustav [ed.] ''Sweden: its people and its industry: historical and statistical handbook'' (1904) p.&nbsp;348.

==External links==
*((Commons-inline|Pehr Henrik Ling))

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((s-culture))
((succession box|title=[[Swedish Academy]],<br />[[List of members of the Swedish Academy|Seat No 18]]|before=[[Anders Fredrik Skjöldebrand]]|after=[[Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom]]|years=1835-1839))
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((Physical culture))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Ling, Pehr Henrik))
[[Category:1776 births]]
[[Category:1839 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ljungby Municipality]]
[[Category:Members of the Swedish Academy]]
[[Category:People associated with physical culture]]
[[Category:19th-century Swedish educators]]
[[Category:Swedish military doctors]]
[[Category:Swedish physiotherapists]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriates in Denmark]]

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