Percomorpha
Temporal range: Santonian–present Possible Cenomanian record
Rose fish
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Clade: Percomorpha
Cope, 1871
Subgroups

See text

Synonyms
  • Percomorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al., 2013
  • Acanthopteri

Percomorpha (from Latin perca 'perch', and Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) 'shape, appearance') is a large clade of ray-finned fish with more than 17 000 known species that includes the tuna, seahorses, gobies, cichlids, flatfish, wrasse, perches, anglerfish, and pufferfish.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Evolution

Percomorpha are the most diverse group of teleost fish today. Teleosts, and percomorphs in particular, thrived during the Cenozoic era. Fossil evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the mass extinction event at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary ca. 66 Ma ago.[7] The oldest known percomorph fossils are of the early tetraodontiforms Protriacanthus and Cretatriacanthidae from the Santonian to Campanian of Italy and Slovenia.[8] A higher diversity of early percomorphs is also known from the Campanian of Nardò, Italy, and these also show some level of diversification into modern orders, with representatives of the Syngnathiformes and Tetraodontiformes known.[9] Possibly the oldest percomorph is Plectocretacicus from the Cenomanian of Lebanon, which may be a stem-tetraodontiform; however, some morphological analyses indicate that it shows similarities with non-percomorph groups.[8][10]

Evolution of ray-finned fishes, Actinopterygii, from the Devonian to the present as a spindle diagram. The width of the spindles are proportional to the number of families as a rough estimate of diversity. The diagram is based on Benton, M. J. (2005) Vertebrate Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Fig 7.13 on page 185.

Phylogeny

External relationships

The two cladograms below are based on Betancur-R et al., 2017.[5] Percomorphs are a clade of teleost fishes. The first cladogram shows the interrelationships of percomorphs with other living groups of teleosts.


Teleostei

Elopomorpha (Elopiformes, Albuliformes, Notacanthiformes, Anguilliformes)

Osteoglossocephala

Osteoglossomorpha (Hiodontiformes, Osteoglossiformes)

Clupeocephala
Otocephala

Clupei (Clupeiformes)

Alepocephali (Alepocephaliformes)

Ostariophysi (Gonorynchiformes, Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Gymnotiformes, Siluriformes)

Euteleostei
Lepidogalaxii

Lepidogalaxiiformes (salamanderfish)

Protacanthopterygii (Argentiniformes, Galaxiiformes, Esociformes, Salmoniformes)

Stomiati (Stomiiformes, Osmeriformes)

Neoteleostei
Ateleopodia

Ateleopodidae (jellynoses)

Eurypterygia
Aulopa

Aulopiformes (lizardfish)

Ctenosquamata
Scopelomorpha

Myctophiformes (lanternfish)

Acanthomorpha

Lampripterygii (Lampriformes)

Paracanthopterygii (Percopsiformes, Zeiformes, Stylephoriformes, Gadiformes)

Polymixiipterygii

Polymixiiformes (beardfish)

Acanthopterygii
Berycimorphaceae

Beryciformes (alfonsinos, whalefishes)

Trachichthyiformes (pinecone fishes, slimeheads)

Holocentrimorphaceae

Holocentriformes (squirrelfish, soldier fishes)

Percomorpha


Internal relationships

The following cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships of the various groups of extant percomorph fishes:


  Percomorpha  
   
  Ophidiaria  

Ophidiiformes (cusk-eels)

   
  Batrachoidaria  

Batrachoididae (toadfishes)

   
  Pelagiaria  

Scombriformes (tunas, mackerel, etc.)

  Syngnatharia  

Syngnathiformes (seahorses, seadragon, etc.)

   
  Gobiaria  
   

Gobiiformes (gobies)

Kurtiformes (nurseryfishes, cardinalfishes)

   
   
  Anabantaria  
   

Anabantiformes (snakeheads, Siamese fighting fish, gouramies)

Synbranchiformes

  Carangaria  
   
   

Polynemidae (threadfins)

   

Lactariidae (false trevally)

Menidae (moonfish)

   
  Part of "Carangiformes"  
   

Nematistiidae (roosterfish)

   

Echeneidae (remoras)

   

Coryphaenidae (dolphinfish)

Rachycentridae (cobia)

   

Sphyraenidae (barracudas)

   
   

Centropomidae (snooks)

Pleuronectiformes (flatfish)

   
  Part of "Carangiformes"  

Carangidae (jacks)

   

Istiophoriformes (billfish)

   

Leptobramidae (beachsalmons)

Toxotidae (archerfish)

  Ovalentaria  
   
  Cichlomorphae  
   

Cichliformes (cichlids, convict blennies)

Polycentridae (leaffish)

  Atherinomorphae  
   

Beloniformes (needlefish, flying fish, halfbeaks)

   

Atheriniformes (silversides, rainbowfish, etc.)

Cyprinodontiformes (tooth-carps)

   

Ambassidae (Asiatic glassfishes)

   
   

Congrogadidae (eel blenny)

Pomacentridae (damselfishes, clownfish)

   
   

Embiotocidae (surfperches)

  Mugilomorphae  

Mugiliformes (mullets)

   

Lipogramma

   

Plesiopidae (roundheads)

   

Pseudochromidae (dottybacks)

   

Grammatidae (basslets)

   

Opistognathidae (jawfishes)

  Blenniimorphae  
   

Blenniiformes (blennies, clinids, sand stargazers)

Gobiesociformes (clingfishes)

  Eupercaria  
   

Gerreiformes (mojarras)

   
   

Uranoscopiformes (stargazers)

   

Centrogenyidae (false scorpionfish)

Labriformes (wrasses, cales, parrotfish)

   
   

Perciformes (perches, sticklebacks, scorpionfishes, etc.)

   

Centrarchiformes (black basses, temperate perches, etc.)

Pempheriformes (sweepers)

   
   

Moronidae (temperate basses)

Sillaginidae (smelt-whitings)

   

Ephippiformes (spadefishes, batfishes)

   
   
   

Chaetodontiformes (butterflyfishes)

Sciaenidae (drums, croakers)

   
   

Acanthuriformes (surgeonfishes, ponyfishes)

Monodactylidae (moonyfishes, fingerfishes)

   

Emmelichthyidae (rovers)

   

Pomacanthidae (angelfishes)

   

Lutjaniformes (snappers)

   

Callanthiidae (splendid perches)

Malacanthidae (tilefishes)

   
   

Lobotiformes (tripletails)

Spariformes

   

Siganidae (rabbitfishes)

   
 

Priacanthiformes (bigeyes, bandfishes)

Scatophagidae (scats)

   

Caproiformes (boarfishes)

   

Lophiiformes (anglerfishes)

Tetraodontiformes (pufferfishes, triggerfishes, etc.)

References

  1. ^ Phylogenetic analyses of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) using collagen type I protein sequences
  2. ^ Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.
  3. ^ Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. hdl:2027.42/150563. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398.
  4. ^ Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
  5. ^ a b Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo (6 July 2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  6. ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 314–526. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  7. ^ Sibert, E. C.; Norris, R. D. (2015-06-29). "New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous−Paleogene mass extinction". PNAS. 112 (28): 8537–8542. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8537S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504985112. PMC 4507219. PMID 26124114.
  8. ^ a b Arcila, Dahiana; Alexander Pyron, R.; Tyler, James C.; Ortí, Guillermo; Betancur-R., Ricardo (2015-01-01). "An evaluation of fossil tip-dating versus node-age calibrations in tetraodontiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 82: 131–145. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.011. ISSN 1055-7903.
  9. ^ Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505.
  10. ^ Carnevale, Giorgio; Johnson, G. David (2015). "A Cretaceous Cusk-Eel (Teleostei, Ophidiiformes) from Italy and the Mesozoic Diversification of Percomorph Fishes". Copeia. 103 (4): 771–791. doi:10.1643/CI-15-236. ISSN 0045-8511.
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