Changes clocks biannually
  Observes permanent standard time
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Establishing either permanent standard or daylight saving time (DST) eliminates the practice of semi-annual clock changes, specifically the advancement of clocks by one hour from standard time to DST on the second Sunday in March (commonly called "spring forward") and the retraction of clocks by one hour from DST to standard time on the first Sunday in November ("fall back").

The Uniform Time Act of 1966 formalized the specification of time zones and the dates of DST observation in the United States. Prior to this law, time zones and DST observation in America were independent and erratic across states and cities.[1][2] The law requires states to change clocks semiannually between standard time and DST on federally mandated dates, and it permits states to opt out of DST observation altogether and remain on permanent standard time, but does not permit observation of permanent DST.[3] Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), Hawaii, and all permanently inhabited territories observe permanent standard time.

Studies have shown the semi-annual clock changes result in sleep disturbances, ultimately resulting in more health problems and traffic accidents.[4][5] Legislators in 25 states have attempted to switch to either permanent standard time or permanent DST. Currently more states are pursuing permanent DST.[6]

Permanent standard time

Prior to the nationwide implementation of DST in 1967, some American states observed permanent Standard Time.[7] Currently in the US, Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation), Hawaii, and all permanently inhabited territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) observe permanent standard time.[8] A number of states have proposed bills to restore observation of permanent standard time, but few have gained ground as of yet.[9][10][6]

Possible benefits of standard time

Permanent standard time is considered by circadian health researchers and safety experts worldwide to be the best option for health, safety, schools, and economy, including the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, National Sleep Foundation, American College of Chest Physicians, National Safety Council, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Canadian Sleep Society, World Sleep Society, Society for Research on Biological Rhythms, and several state sleep societies.[11][12][4][13][14][15][16][17][18] Permanent standard time is supported by advocates for school children, including the National PTA, National Education Association, American Federation of Teachers, National School Boards Association, and Start School Later. They cite both the health benefits of circadian alignment, and the safety advantages regarding morning commutes.[11][19][20][21]

Permanent standard time is also supported by environmental data, owing to evidence that DST observation increases morning heating, evening driving, and evening residential air conditioning, which all in turn increase energy consumption and pollution.[22][23][24][25][26]

Permanent daylight saving time

A change in federal law would be necessary to allow states to observe DST permanently all year. A number of states have pursued state bills, resolutions, and referendums to indicate intention to observe permanent DST if federal law would permit it.

In 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, Florida Republican Senator Marco Rubio introduced to Congress the "Sunshine Protection Act", a bill to permit states to observe permanent DST. The bill had achieved referral to committee, but had not received a hearing.[27][28][29][30] Also in 2021, Florida Republican Representative Vern Buchanan introduced a daylight saving time for the whole country, by changing everyone's time zone forward by an hour (Eastern Time would become permanently UTC-0400 instead of UTC-0500). That bill also allowed states to opt out under certain conditions.[31] On March 15, 2022, Rubio's bill passed the Senate.[32]

As a work-around to the Uniform Time Act's prohibition on permanent DST, a bloc of states in New England has proposed a statutory move from the Eastern Time Zone to the Atlantic Time Zone (Atlantic Time being one hour ahead of Eastern Time), and then abolishing biannual clock changes. If approved by the Department of Transportation, such a move would effectively put these states on permanent DST without needing to await amendment to the Uniform Time Act by Congress. Similarly, on the West Coast, Washington passed both a bill for permanent DST and an alternative bill to move the state's official observation from the Pacific Time Zone to the Mountain Time Zone.[33]

Possible benefits and disadvantages of daylight time

A meta-analysis by Rutgers researchers found that permanent DST would eliminate 171 pedestrian fatalities (a 13% reduction) per year.[34] DST has been supported by the Chamber of Commerce since 1915 attributing added sales and outdoor activity to sunlight in the evenings. Additionally, DST has been expanded to nearly 8 months of the year, effectively making it the new standard.[35]

Some have warned, however, that the decreased exposure to morning sunlight will have significant detrimental effects. Sleep researchers have likened the resulting increased fatigue to "permanent [jet lag]".[12] Experts such as Till Roenneberg argue that permanent observation of DST significantly[4] increases rates of disease and accidents, and lowers productivity and wages.[36] In 2018, the European Sleep Research Society, the European Biological Rhythms Society, and the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR) released a joint statement to the EU Commission on DST in opposition to permanent DST and in support of permanent standard time.[37] The SRBR followed with its own more comprehensive statement and set of materials supporting the same position in 2019.[18] In August 2020, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine provided a statement on why they oppose permanent daylight saving time and favor permanent standard time.[11] Poor sleep among workers costs the United States $411 billion annually, according to Rand Europe. This figure, which equates to about 1.23 million workdays lost due to insufficient sleep each year, ranks the United States first in terms of economic losses due to insufficient sleep.[38]

The idea of staying on Daylight Saving Time during winter months is opposed by certain religious communities, such as Orthodox Jews, whose daily prayers and other customs are synchronized with times of sunrise and sunset.[39][40][41]

Previous observation of year-round daylight saving time

Permanent DST in the US was briefly enacted by president Richard Nixon in January 1974, in response to the 1973 oil crisis.[19] The new permanent DST law was retracted within the year.[1][2][42][43] Year-round daylight saving time was initially supported by 79% of the public, but that support had dropped to 42% after its first winter.[44]

2015–2022: Proposals and laws for the introduction of year-round DST

The main argument for introducing year-round DST is that the lifestyles and work patterns of modern-day citizens are no longer compatible with the concept of shifting the clock every spring and fall. Supporters also argue that switching to ''Forward Time'' would also result in saving energy by reducing the need for artificial light.[45] The Sunshine Protection Act of 2019 was introduced in the Senate by Senator Marco Rubio (R) of Florida to make the times used for DST permanent and to abolish biannual clock change. It had bipartisan support from senators from Washington and Tennessee, but it had not received a hearing in the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee.[46][47]

In 2015, the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4,[48] which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year. This would mean that Nevada is on the same time as Arizona all year, but would be an hour ahead of California in the winter.[49] The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard.

In 2018, the Florida Senate approved the Sunshine Protection Act which would put Florida on permanent daylight saving time year round, and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23. Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change.[50]

In 2018, voters in California approved a ballot measure to permit the state legislature to pursue legislation for permanent daylight saving time or standard time. However, California law still requires a vote of two-thirds of the state's legislature (and approval of Congress for permanent DST). Bills for permanent DST followed in 2019 and 2022, which both failed.[51][52][53][54][55]

In 2019, the Washington State Legislature passed Substitute House Bill 1196,[56] which would establish year-round observation of daylight saving time contingent on the United States Congress amending federal law to authorize states to observe daylight saving time year-round.[57] Tennessee and Oregon also passed bills in 2019 for year-round DST.[58][59]

In 2021, the Georgia General Assembly passed Senate Bill 100 providing for year-round daylight saving time if the United States Congress amends 15 U.S.C. Section 260a to authorize states to observe daylight saving time year round.[60]

2022–: Sunshine Protection Act

In 2022, the United States Senate passed the Sunshine Protection Act to make daylight saving time permanent;[61] the bill failed in the House and expired at the end of the year.[62] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine has opposed the Sunshine Protection Act and called instead for permanent standard time, a position supported by the American College of Chest Physicians and the World Sleep Society, among others.[63]

In March 2023, the Sunshine Protection Act was reintroduced, but as of January 2024, there has been no appreciable progress of the bill.[64]

Table of state-level legislative actions

State-level permanent DST is prohibited by the Uniform Time Act and would require Congress to change federal law.[3]

State Legislation for permanent standard time Legislation for permanent DST Notes
Alabama Not attempted Success[65][66]
Alaska Failure[67] Failure[68]
American Samoa Success[6] Not attempted
Arizona Success Not attempted Has observed permanent standard time since 1968; see also Time in Arizona.
(A.R.S. § 1-242, in effect since January 1, 1969)[69]
Arkansas Failure[6] Failure[70] One bill for permanent standard time,[71] two for permanent DST.[72][73]
California Pending Failure In 2018, Proposition 7 passed, allowing the state legislature to change the periods of DST through another bill. Subsequent bills for permanent DST failed in 2020 and 2022.[53][54][74][75][55] In 2023, a bill was proposed that would establish permanent standard time.[76]
Colorado Failure[77][78] Partial success[79][80] Requires at least four other states in the Mountain Time Zone pass laws to adopt permanent DST.
Connecticut Failure[6][81][82] Failure[83]
Delaware Not attempted Partial success[84] Establishes permanent Atlantic Standard Time. Requires Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Maryland to do the same.
District of Columbia Not attempted Not attempted
Florida Not attempted Success[50]
Georgia Failure[85] Success (OCGA § 50-1-10)[85][86] Two simultaneous bills were introduced in 2021. One for permanent standard time, the other for permanent DST.
Guam Success[6] Not attempted
Hawaii Success Not attempted Has observed permanent standard time since 1967; see also Time in Hawaii.
(H.R.S. §1-31, in effect since March 30, 1967)[87]
Idaho Failure[88] Partial success[89][90] If Washington implements permanent daylight saving time, the northern part of the state in Pacific Time will follow. A bill to do the same for the part of the state in Mountain Time if Utah implements permanent daylight saving time has not passed.
Illinois Failure[91][92] Pending[6]
Indiana Not attempted Not attempted
Iowa Failure[93] Failure[94][95][96][97][98][99][100]
Kansas Not attempted Failure[101]
Kentucky Not attempted Failure[102]
Louisiana Not attempted Success[103]
Maine Pending[6] Partial success[104] Requires all states in the eastern time zone, and the District of Columbia, to do the same.
Maryland Not attempted Failure[105]
Massachusetts Pending[6] Pending[106] [107] Establishes Atlantic Standard Time in substitute for permanent DST or permanent standard time.
Michigan Not attempted Pending[6] Requires Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania to observe daylight saving time year-round.
Minnesota Pending[108][109] Success[110]
Mississippi Failure[111] Success[112]
Missouri Failure[113] Failure[114]
Montana Failure[115] Partial success[116] Requires at least three of the states of Idaho, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming to go on permanent DST.
Nebraska Not attempted Pending[6]
Nevada Not attempted Not attempted
New Hampshire Not attempted Failure[117]
New Jersey Not attempted Pending[118][119]
New Mexico Failure[6] Failure[6]
New York Pending[6] Pending[6] Bills for permanent DST, Atlantic Time, or permanent standard time.
North Carolina Not attempted Pending[6]
North Dakota Not attempted Not attempted
Northern Mariana Islands Success[6] Not attempted
Ohio Failure[120] Pending[6]
Oklahoma Pending[6] Pending[6]
Oregon Planned[121][122] Partial success[59] Requires participation of California and Washington. Bill for permanent standard time planned for early 2024.
Pennsylvania Pending[6] Pending[6]
Puerto Rico Success[6] Not attempted
Rhode Island Not attempted Not attempted
South Carolina Not attempted Success[123]
South Dakota Not attempted Not attempted
Tennessee Pending[6] Success[58] Exempts the state from daylight saving time upon the States of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi and North Carolina exempting themselves from daylight saving time.
Texas Failure[124] Failure[125][126]
U.S. Virgin Islands Success[6] Not attempted
Utah Not attempted Partial success[127] Requires at least four of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming to adopt permanent DST.
Vermont Pending[6] Pending[6]
Virginia Failure[128] Failure[6]
Washington Planned[129] Success[130] A bill is planned for early 2024 that includes legislation for permanent standard time.
West Virginia Failure[131] Failure[132]
Wisconsin Not attempted Not attempted
Wyoming Failure[133] Partial success[134] Requires three or more of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah to adopt permanent DST.

See also

References

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