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((Short description|Supply route in World War II))
((refimprove|date=July 2009))
[[File:Aidroutes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Allied road and rail supply lines through Persia into the USSR]]
[[File:Indian soldiers stand next to a supply convoy en route to the Soviet Union.jpg|thumb|[[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] soldiers stand next to a supply convoy en route to the Soviet Union, 1944]]
((WWIITheatre))
The '''Persian Corridor''' was a supply route through [[Iran]] into [[Azerbaijan SSR|Soviet Azerbaijan]] by which British aid and American [[Lend-Lease]] supplies were transferred to the Soviet Union during [[World War II]]. Of the 17.5 million [[long ton]]s of US Lend-Lease aid provided to the Soviet Union, 7.9 million long tons (45%) were sent through Iran.<ref name="Ward2009">((cite book |title=Immortal : A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces |first=Steven R. |last=Ward |publisher=Georgetown University Press |year=2009 |page=176 |isbn=978-1-58901-258-5))</ref>

This supply route originated in the US and the UK with ships sailing around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to the [[Persian Gulf]]. From there, the materiel transited Iran to the Soviet Union. Other supply routes included the [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Northern route]] across the [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]], and the [[Pacific Route]] which handled US cargo at [[Vladivostok]] and then used the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] across the Soviet Union.

This Persian Route became the only viable, all-weather route to be developed to supply Soviet needs.

==Etymology==
English-language official documents from the Persian Corridor period continue to make the word "Persia" interchangeable with the [[name of Iran]]. In correspondence by the government of the United Kingdom, usage of "Persia" over "Iran" was chosen by [[Winston Churchill]] to avoid possible confusion with neighbouring [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]].<ref name="Churchill, Winston 1948">Churchill, Winston, ''The Second World War''</ref>

===Overthrow of the Shah===
((main|Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran))
Following Germany's [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]] in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became allies. Britain and the Soviet Union saw the newly opened [[Trans-Iranian Railway]] as an attractive route to transport supplies from the Persian Gulf to the Soviet Union. Both countries used concessions extracted in previous interventions to pressure [[neutral country|neutral]] Iran (and, in Britain's case, Iraq) into allowing the use of their territory for military and logistical purposes. Increased tensions with Britain led to pro-German rallies in Tehran. In August 1941, because [[Reza Shah]] refused to expel all German nationals and come down clearly on the Allied side, Britain and the Soviet Union invaded Iran, arrested the monarch, sent him into exile to [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] and took control of Iran's communications and the coveted railway.
[[File:WWII.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|Alliances during the Second World War & The invasion of neutral Iran, 1939-1945.]]
[[File:رضا شاه در ژوهانسبورگ.gif|thumb|upright|[[Reza Shah]] in exile.]]
[[File:Shah with FDR.jpeg|thumb|Son of Reza Shah meeting with F. D. Roosevelt at the [[Tehran Conference]], 1943]]
In 1942 the United States, now an ally of Britain and the Soviet Union in World War II, sent a military force to Iran to help maintain and operate sections of the railway. The British and Soviet authorities allowed Reza Shah's system of government to collapse and limited the constitutional government interfaces. They installed Reza Shah's son, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], onto the Iranian/Persian throne.

The new Shah soon signed an agreement pledging full non-military logistical co-operation with the British and Soviets in exchange for full recognition of his country's independence, and also a promise to withdraw from Iran within six months of the war's conclusion (the assurances later proved essential in [[Iran crisis of 1946|securing his country's independence after the war]]). In September 1943, the Shah went further by declaring war on Germany. He signed the [[Declaration by United Nations]] entitling his country to a seat in the original [[United Nations]]. Two months later, he hosted((Citation needed|date=July 2021)) the [[Tehran Conference]] between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin.

The presence of so many foreign troops in Iran accelerated social change and it roused nationalist sentiment in the country. In 1946, [[Hossein Gol-e-Golab]] published the nationalist song ''[[Ey Iran]]'', which was reportedly inspired((Citation needed|date=July 2021)) by an incident during the war in which Golab witnessed an American [[G.I. (military)|GI]] beating up a native Iranian [[greengrocer]] in a marketplace dispute.

==Strategic need for supply to Soviets==
After the [[Dunkirk evacuation]] and the agreement with [[Vichy France]], Germany was essentially without any military opposition in mainland Europe until Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. To relieve pressure from the Soviets, British, and later American, leaders sought to open [[Western Front (World War II)|a Second Front]] in Europe. Realizing that would take time, the Western Allies made the strategic decision to provide Stalin with material support substantial enough to ensure that the Red Army could continue to engage the bulk of the German military. The Allies established [[protocol (politics)|protocols]] that defined the type and amount of material that would be delivered and when. German military action on [[Arctic convoys of World War II|the Arctic route]], prevented the US from meeting the first protocol. That caused increasing pressure on the Allies to develop the Persian Corridor.

==Supply efforts==
The Allies delivered all manner of [[wikt:materiel|materiel]] to the Soviet Union ranging from [[Studebaker US6]] trucks to American canned food. Most of the supplies transiting through the Persian Corridor arrived by ship at various ports in the [[Persian Gulf]] and were then carried northwards by [[railroad]] or in long truck convoys. Some goods were later reloaded on board ships to cross the [[Caspian Sea]] and others continued their journey by truck.

The United States Army forces in the corridor were originally under the Iran-Iraq Service Command, later renamed the Persian Gulf Service Command (PGSC). That was the successor to the original United States Military Iranian Mission, which had been put in place to deliver Lend-Lease supplies before the United States had entered the World War. The mission was originally commanded by Colonel [[Don G. Shingler]], who was replaced late in 1942 by Brigadier General [[Donald H. Connolly]]. Both the Iran-Iraq Service Command and the PGSC were subordinate to the [[U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East|US Army Forces in the Middle East (USAFIME)]]. The PGSC was eventually renamed simply the [[Persian Gulf Command]].

===Statistics===
Of the ((cvt|17,500,000|LT)) of US lend-lease aid provided to Russia, ((cvt|7,900,000|LT)) (45 per cent) were sent through Iran.<ref name="Ward2009" /> In addition to the Persian Corridor the Americans used Arctic Convoys to the ports of [[Murmansk]] and [[Archangelsk]] and Soviet shipping carried supplies from the west coast of the US and Canada to [[Vladivostok]], in the [[Far East]], since the Soviets were not at war with [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] until August 1945. The Persian Corridor was the route for ((cvt|4,159,117|LT)) of the cargo.<ref>((Cite book |last=Kemp |first=Paul |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56497488 |title=Convoy!: Drama in Arctic Waters |date=2004 |publisher=Castle Books |isbn=0-7858-1603-8 |location=Edison, NJ |oclc=56497488))</ref> That was not the only allied contribution via the Persian Corridor. About ((cvt|7,900,000|LT)) of shipborne cargo from Allied sources were unloaded in the Corridor, most of it bound for the Soviet Union and some of it for British forces, under the [[Middle East Command]], or for the [[Iranian economy]], which was sustaining the influx of tens of thousands of foreign troops and Polish refugees. Also, supplies were needed for the development of new transport and supply facilities in Persia and in the Soviet Union. The tonnage figure does not include transfers of warplanes via Persia.

===Supply routes===
[[Image:PersianGulfCommand.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Persian Gulf Command, Camps - Posts - Stations]]
Supplies came from as far away as [[Canada]] and the [[United States]], and those were unloaded in Persian Gulf ports in Iran and [[Iraq]]. Once the Axis powers were cleared from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] in 1943 - with the Allied capture of [[Tunisia]], [[Sicily]], and southern [[Italy]] - cargo convoys were able to pass through the Mediterranean, the [[Suez Canal]], and the [[Red Sea]] to Iran for shipment to the [[Soviet Union]].

The main ports in the Corridor for supplies inbound to Iran were:
in '''Iran''',
* [[Bushehr]]
* [[Bandar Imam|Bandar Shahpur]] ''(now Bandar Imam Khomeini)''; and
in '''Iraq''',
* [[Basra]]
* [[Umm Qasr]].
The main overland routes were from the ports to [[Tehran]], and then
* Tehran — [[Ashgabat]] or
* Tehran — [[Baku]]
or, alternatively,
* [[Basra]] — [[Kazvin]] or
* [[Jolfa, Iran (city)|Dzhulfa]] — [[Beslan]].
The main port for outbound supplies (via the Caspian Sea) was [[Nowshahr]].  Ships ferried supplies from this port to [[Baku]] or [[Makhachkala]].

====Other locations====
Important smaller ports and transit points on the routes included:

=====in Azerbaijan=====
* [[Lenkoran]];

=====in Armenia=====
* [[Yerevan]];

=====in Georgia=====
* [[Tbilisi]];

=====in North Ossetia-Alania=====
* [[Beslan]];

=====in Iran=====
[[Image:Supply train through the Persian Corridor.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|An Allied supply train en route bearing supplies for the Red Army]]
'''Ports'''
* [[Bandar Anzali]]
* [[Bandar Abbas]]
* [[Chabahar]]
* [[Noshahr]]
* [[Bandar Torkaman|Bandar-e Shah]] (now ''Bandar Torkoman'')
* [[Amirabad Port|Amir Abad port]]
* [[Khoramshahr]]
* [[Bushehr]]
* [[Assalouyeh]]
* [[Mahshahr]]
* [[Bandar Imam|Bandar Shahpur]]
* [[Fereydunkenar]] [http://www.frport.com]

'''Cities'''
* [[Andimeshk]]
* [[Tehran]]
* [[Tabriz]]
* [[Hamadan]]
* [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]]
* [[Karaj]]
* [[Khorramabad]]
* [[Kashan]]
* [[Malayer]]
* [[Mashad]]
* [[Meyaneh|Mianeh]]
* [[Sari, Iran]]
* [[Semnan (city)|Semnan]]
* [[Shahroud]]
* [[Shiraz, Iran|Shiraz]]
* [[Tabriz]]
* [[Qom]]
* [[Zanjan (city)|Zanjan]]
* [[Zahedan]]

=====in Turkmenistan=====
'''Ports'''
* [[Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan|Krasnovodsk]]

'''Cities'''
* [[Ashgabat]]
* [[Serdar (city)|Kizyl Arvat]]
* [[Gyzyletrek|Kizyl Atrek]]

===Personnel===
Cargo was principally handled by special British and American transportation units from the nations' respective combat service support branches, such as the [[Royal Logistic Corps|Royal Army Service Corps]] and the [[United States Army]] [[Quartermaster Corps]]. Many Allied civilian workers, such as [[stevedore]]s and [[railway engineer]]s, were also employed on the corridor. Many skilled engineers, accountants, and other professionals who volunteered or were drafted into the armed services were made [[warrant officers]] to help oversee the complex supply operations.

In addition to providing logistical support to the Iranians, the Allies offered other services as well. The Americans in particular were viewed as more neutral since they had no colonial past in the country as did the British and Soviets. The Americans contributed special expertise to the young Shah's government. Colonel [[Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr.]], who at the outbreak of the war was serving as superintendent of the [[New Jersey State Police]] was in August 1942 put in charge of training the [[Imperial Iranian Gendarmerie]] (his son, [[Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.]], would command coalition forces fifty years later during the Persian [[Gulf War]].)

===Equipment===
To help operate trains on the demanding Trans-Iranian Railway route, the US supplied large numbers of [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO]] [[diesel locomotive]]s, which were more suitable than [[steam locomotive]]s. About 3000 pieces of rolling stock of various types were also supplied.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article106044674 |title=They Helped Russia to Victory |newspaper=[[The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate |The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate (NSW : 1882–1950)]] |location=NSW |date=28 April 1945 |access-date=25 May 2013 |page=4 |publisher=National Library of Australia))</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Somewhere in the Persian corridor. A United States Army truck convoy carrying supplies for the aid of Russia. An Iranian native moving his livestock from the mountain road as a United States truck passes.jpeg|A US Army truck convoy carrying supplies for the Soviets somewhere along the Persian Corridor. c. 1943
File:American and British railroad crews who are taking supplies for Russia. Somewhere in Iran.jpeg|American and British railroad crews operated trains and trucks to bring supplies to the USSR. c.1943
File:Somewhere in Iran. An American engine transporting allied aid for Russia, stopping at a station rimmed by mountains.jpeg|An American train transporting aid bound for the USSR stopping at a station. Supplies moved by road, rail and air through the Persian Corridor. c. 1943
File:An assembly plant for American fighter warplanes destined for Russia, somewhere in Iran.jpeg|An assembly plant for American Curtiss [[P-40 Warhawk|P-40]] fighters destined for Russia, somewhere in Iran. c.1943
File:American and British soldier trainmen standing about at a station on the route for supplies to Russia. An American engine is seen at the head of the train at left, somewhere in Iran.jpeg|American and British Army train crewmen standing at a station. An American locomotive is seen at the head of the train at left. c. 1943
File:Lot 11603-20 (24508759533).jpg|Train going along a gorge through a winding route somewhere in Iraq.
</gallery>

==Volga River to Stalingrad==
((no references|section|date=December 2020))
Beyond the Persian Corridor and across the Caspian Sea is the [[Volga River]], flowing into the Caspian from the north, a key route into the core of the Soviet Union. [[Stalingrad]], at the easternmost turn of the Volga, was an objective of the Germans in [[Eastern Front (World War II)#Don, Volga, and Caucasus: Summer 1942|their 1942 campaign]] partly for reason of its industrial capacity, partly as a convenient place to block Soviet pressure on the flank of their initiative towards the Caucasus, and partly for its name. However, it was also for blocking the river traffic carrying materiel north from the Persian Corridor.  The [[Battle of Stalingrad]] (23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) reopened the river.

==See also==
* [[History of Iran]]
* [[Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre]]
* [[Military history of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Polish contribution to World War II]]
* [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]
* [[Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1907]]
* [[Royal Road]]
* [[Operation Cedar]]
* [[Burma Road]]

==Notes==
<references />

==Further reading==
((commons category|Persian Corridor))
* ((cite book |first=Robert W. |last=Coakley |chapter-url=https://history.army.mil/books/70-7_09.htm |title=Command Decisions |url=https://history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington |year=2000 |orig-year=1960 |id=CMH Pub 72-7 |chapter=Chapter 9: The Persian Corridor as a Route for Aid to the USSR |editor-last=Greenfield |editor-first=Kent Roberts))
* ((cite book |first=T. H. Vail |last=Motter |url=https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/persian/index.htm |title=The Persian Corridor and Aid To Russia |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington |year=2000 |orig-year=1952 |id=CMH Pub 8-1))

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130106061612/http://www.o5m6.de/main.html Trucks Lend Leased to Russia Amateur history page with detailed maps and statistics]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050415082109/http://www.aforgottenodyssey.com/links.html A Forgotten Odyssey website]

((WWIIHistory))
((Iran–United States relations))

[[Category:Logistics routes of World War II]]
[[Category:1940s in Iran]]
[[Category:Iran in World War II]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United States]]
[[Category:Middle East theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Transport in Iran]]
[[Category:Pahlavi Iran]]
[[Category:Iran–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Iran–United States relations]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United States relations]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan in World War II]]
[[Category:Foreign trade of the Soviet Union]]

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