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((Short description|Substance to reduce friction, usually during sexual acts))
[[File:Gleitmittel Personal Lubricants.jpg|thumb|300px|Various personal lubricants]]
'''Personal lubricants''' (colloquially termed '''lube''') are specialized [[lubricant]]s used during [[Sexual activity|sexual acts]], such as [[Sexual intercourse|intercourse]] and [[masturbation]], to reduce [[friction]] to or between the [[Human penis|penis]] and [[vagina]], [[Human anus|anus]] or other body parts or applied to [[sex toy]]s to reduce friction or to ease [[Sexual penetration|penetration]]. [[Surgical lubricant|Surgical or medical lubricants]] or gels, which are similar to personal lubricants but not usually referred to or labelled as "personal" lubricants, may be used for medical purposes such as [[Speculum (medical)|speculum]] insertion or introduction of a [[catheter]]. The primary difference between personal and surgical lubricants is that surgical lubricants are thicker, sterile gels, typically containing a [[bacteriostatic agent]].<ref>http://www.medline.com/catalog/category-products.jsp?iclp=Z05-CA10_08_05&N=106248&itemId=Z05-CA10_08_05&No=0 RET. DEC 28 2017 22:49</ref> As of 2015, the personal lubricant market was estimated to be worth at least $400 million.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/may/22/k-y-jelly-buyout-lubricant-price-rise-reckitt-benckiser-johnson-johnson|title=K-Y Jelly buyout could push up prices of lubricant, competition watchdog warns|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=22 May 2015))</ref>

==Types==
===By composition===
====Water-based====
Water-based personal lubricants are water-[[soluble]] and are the most widely used personal lubricants. The earliest water-based lubricants were [[cellulose|cellulose ether]] or [[glycerin]] solutions. Products available today may have various agents added for even dispersal, moisture retention, and resistance to contamination. The [[viscosity]] of these products can be altered by adjusting their water content and concentration of [[cellulose]] or other gel-forming [[hydrophilic]] ingredient. Because water-based personal lubricants absorb into the skin and [[evaporate]], most water-based lubricants have a tendency to dry out during use, but reapplication of the lubricant or application of water or saliva is usually sufficient to reactivate them. When the lubricant eventually dries out, it may leave behind a residue derived from the other ingredients in the formulation. This may require reapplication during sex, and/or removal of the residue with water. Scientists are testing whether [[anti-retroviral]] lubricants or gels can be applied to aid in the prevention of transmission of [[HIV]].<ref>((cite news|last=Vesely|first=Rebecca|title=Protecting Women from HIV--Docs Hopeful About Microbicides|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=microbicides-docs-still-hopeful|access-date=6 December 2011|newspaper=Scientific American|date=December 1, 2008))</ref>

Typical water-based lubricants may be incompatible with sex acts that occur in water (such as in a bathtub, pool, or hot tub) as they can be dissolved or dispersed in water.

The [[Population Council]], in a 2011 study, tested commercially available water-based sexual lubricants, and found that many damaged human rectal cells and that some of them – those containing [[polyquaternium]]-15 – appeared to actively increase HIV replication in cell cultures and therefore could raise one's risk of HIV transmission. Water-based 'lubes' have been recommended for use in safer sex because they do not weaken condoms like oil-based lubricants do. The researchers concluded: "Since it is the condom that is protecting users from HIV rather than the lube, condom users should still be encouraged to use water-based lubes because condoms are also more likely to break, and trauma to the rectal lining occur, with no lube". They also cited [[silicone]]-based lubricants as a potential alternative, although they did not test any silicone lubes in their study.<ref>((cite web|title=Study finds most lubricants damage rectal cells and some increase HIV activity|url=http://www.aidsmap.com/page/1677777/|publisher=[[aidsmap]]|access-date=30 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516002810/http://www.aidsmap.com/page/1677777/|archive-date=16 May 2011))</ref>

A later study has validated the findings of the Population Council for some water-based products' hyper-osmolality causing some human's cells damage, and better bio-compatibility with low-osmolality water-based products and silicone-based products but failed to corroborate polyquaternium 15 having a role that binds HIV to rectal cells or increase HIV replication.<ref>((cite journal | last1 = Dezzutti | first1 = CS | last2 = Brown | first2 = ER | last3 = Moncla | first3 = B | last4 = Russo | first4 = J | last5 = Cost | first5 = M| year = 2012 | title = Is Wetter Better? An Evaluation of Over-the-Counter Personal Lubricants for Safety and Anti-HIV-1 Activity| journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 11| page = e48328 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048328 |display-authors=etal | pmid=23144863 | pmc=3492332| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...748328D | doi-access = free ))</ref>

====Oil-based====
Oil-based lubricants, for example petroleum-based lubricants (such as [[petroleum jelly]]), can increase the likelihood of breakage and slipping of [[latex]] [[condom]]s due to loss of elasticity caused by these lubricants.<ref>
((Cite journal
 |journal     = FHI Network
 |title       = The Latex Condom: Recent Advances, Future Directions
 |edition     = Chapter 3: User Behaviors and Characteristics Related to Condom Failure
 |publisher   = Family Health International
 |author8     = Erin T. McNeill, Caroline E. Gilmore, William R. Finger, JoAnn H. Lewis, William P. Schellstede
 |year        = 2010
 |access-date  = 2010-06-29
 |url         = http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/booksReports/latexcondom/behavcharac.htm
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927122314/http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Pubs/booksReports/latexcondom/behavcharac.htm
 |archive-date = 2011-09-27
))</ref> Oil-based lubricants may be considered desirable for people who are in relationships not requiring [[condom]] use and who wish to avoid certain additives and preservatives often found in other lubricants.

====Silicone-based====
[[Silicone]]-based lubricants do not contain any water. They offer a different feel from water-based personal lubricants. Silicone-based lubricants are not absorbed by skin or [[mucous membranes]] and consequently last longer than water-based lubricants. Many different silicone lubricants are commercially available, with varying quality and performance. Not all silicone-based lubricants are ''certified'' latex-safe, but silicone-based lubricants have not been shown to increase the risk of [[HIV]] transmission during [[anal intercourse]], as some water-based lubes have.<ref name=":0">((cite web|title=Study finds most lubricants damage rectal cells and some increase HIV activity|url=http://www.aidsmap.com/page/1677777/|work=AIDSMap|access-date=30 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516002810/http://www.aidsmap.com/page/1677777/|archive-date=16 May 2011))</ref><ref name=":1">((cite web| url=https://theenhancedmale.com/collections/silicone-based-personal-lubricant-for-sex|title= Personal Lubricant Help  )) Saturday, 4 May 2019</ref>

Silicone-based lubricants are not usually recommended for use with sex toys or other products that are made from silicone because the formula may dissolve the surface, making it sticky to the touch, and cause disintegration of the item over time.<ref name=":1" /> This damage may create a breeding ground for [[bacteria]]. In most cases, a warning is listed on the product label. Silicone-based lubricant is also used in the manufacture of pre-lubricated condoms, due to its long-lasting properties and superior [[latex]] compatibility.

===By usage===
====Vaginal lubricants====
Vaginal lubricants are used to reduce vaginal dryness and pain during intercourse, and by couples trying to [[human fertilization|conceive]]. During fertility interventions, the use of a lubricant eases [[sperm]] specimen collection by [[masturbation]]. Commonly used lubricants include [[saliva]], oil (such as [[baby oil]], [[olive oil]], [[canola oil]], or [[mineral oil]]) or commercially available lubricants that are either water-based or hydroxyethylcellulose-based.<ref name="ReferenceA">Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in collaboration with the Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Optimizing natural fertility: a committee opinion" ''Fertil Steril'' 2013;100(3): 631–7.</ref>

Human saliva and olive oil have been found to be detrimental to sperm function.<ref name="ReferenceB">Tulandi T, Plouffe L Jr, McInnes RA. Effect of saliva on sperm motility and activity" ''Fertil Steril'' 1982;38:721–3.</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">((cite journal | last1 = Anderson | first1 = L | last2 = Lewis | first2 = SE | last3 = McClure | first3 = N. | year = 1998 | title = The effects of coital lubricants on sperm motility in vitro | journal = Hum Reprod | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 3351–6 | doi=10.1093/humrep/13.12.3351| pmid = 9886513 | doi-access =  ))</ref><ref>Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in collaboration with the Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Optimizing natural fertility: a committee opinion" ''Fertil Steril'' 2013;100(3): 631–7</ref> Certain commonly used commercial lubricants, although labeled as non-spermicidal or [[Spermicide|spermicidal]] agent-free, have been found to impair sperm function,<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="auto">((cite journal | last1 = Frishman | first1 = GN | last2 = Luciano | first2 = AA | last3 = Maier | first3 = DB. | year = 1992 | title = Evaluation of Astroglide, a new vaginal lubricant: effects of length of exposure and concentration on sperm motility | journal = Fertil Steril | volume = 58 | issue = 3 | pages = 630–2 | doi = 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55279-0 | pmid = 1521661 | doi-access =  ))</ref><ref name="auto1">((cite journal | last1 = Miller | first1 = B | last2 = Klein | first2 = TA | last3 = Opsahl | first3 = MS. | year = 1994 | title = The effect of a surgical lubricant on in vivo sperm penetration of cervical mucus | journal = Fertil Steril | volume = 61 | issue = 6 | pages = 1171–3 | doi = 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)56778-8 | pmid = 8194639 | doi-access = free ))</ref><ref>((cite journal|year=2014|title=The effects of vaginal lubricants on sperm function: an in vitro analysis|pmc=3947082|journal=Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics|pmid=24390681|doi=10.1007/s10815-013-0168-x|volume=31|pages=333–9 | last1 = Mowat | first1 = A | last2 = Newton | first2 = C | last3 = Boothroyd | first3 = C | last4 = Demmers | first4 = K | last5 = Fleming | first5 = S|issue=3))</ref><ref name="auto2">((cite journal | last1 = Agarwal | first1 = A | last2 = Deepinder | first2 = F | last3 = Cocuzza | first3 = M | last4 = Short | first4 = RA | last5 = Evenson | first5 = DP. | year = 2008 | title = Effect of vaginal lubricants on sperm motility and chromatin integrity: a prospective comparative study | journal = Fertil Steril | volume = 89 | issue = 2| pages = 375–9 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.050| pmid = 17509584 | doi-access = free ))</ref> with several of these lubricants being as toxic to sperm ''in vitro'' as [[Birth control|contraceptive]] gels.<ref name="auto3">((cite journal | last1 = Kutteh | first1 = WH | last2 = Chao | first2 = CH | last3 = Ritter | first3 = JO | last4 = Byrd | first4 = W. | year = 1996 | title = Vaginal lubricants for the infertile couple: effect on sperm activity | journal = Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 400–4 | pmid = 8894797 ))</ref> Sperm motility and viability were found to be disrupted shortly after direct contact between sperm and those lubricants or in saliva.<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="auto"/><ref>Ellington J, Daughtery S. Prevalence of vaginal dryness in trying-to-conceive couples" ''Fertil Steril'' 2003;79:21–2.</ref><ref name="auto4">((cite journal | last1 = Demir | first1 = B | last2 = Dilbaz | first2 = B | last3 = Cinar | first3 = O | last4 = Karadag | first4 = B | last5 = Tasci | first5 = Y | last6 = Kocak | first6 = M| year = 2011 | title = Factors affecting pregnancy outcome of intrauterine insemination cycles in couples with favourable female characteristics | journal = J Obstet Gynaecol | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 420–3 | doi=10.3109/01443615.2011.569780| pmid = 21627427 | s2cid = 11063970 |display-authors=etal))</ref> Sperm function could be compromised following lubricant contact, due to the specific ingredients in the lubricant or due to the chemical properties of the lubricant, such as highly raised osmolarity or low [[pH]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto5">((cite journal | last1 = Vargas | first1 = J | last2 = Crausaz | first2 = M | last3 = Senn | first3 = A | last4 = Germond | year = 2011 | title = ''nonspermicidal'' lubricant and ultrasound gels used in reproductive medicine | journal = Fertil Steril | volume = 95 | issue = 2 | pages = 835–6 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.09.011| pmid = 20971464 | doi-access = free ))</ref> Such lubricants are therefore unsafe for use during fertility procedures such as [[semen collection]]<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/> or by couples trying to conceive by natural or [[assisted reproduction]].<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="auto"/><ref>((cite journal | last1 = Ellington | first1 = J | last2 = Daughtery | first2 = S. | year = 2003 | title = Prevalence of vaginal dryness in trying-to-conceive couples | journal = Fertil Steril | volume = 79 | pages = 21–2 | doi=10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00127-4| doi-access = free ))</ref><ref name="auto4"/>

Vaginal lubricants such as mineral oil, canola oil, or hydroxyethylcellulose-based lubricants are recommended for use by couples attempting conception by The Practice Committee of the [[American Society for Reproductive Medicine]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto5"/><ref>((cite journal | last1 = Steiner | first1 = AZ | last2 = Long | first2 = DL | last3 = Tanner | first3 = C | last4 = Herring | first4 = AH | author4-link= Amy H. Herring |date=Jul 2012 | title = Effect of vaginal lubricants on natural fertility | journal = Obstet Gynecol | volume = 120 | issue = 1| pages = 44–51 | doi=10.1097/aog.0b013e31825b87ae| pmc = 3427535 | pmid=22914390))</ref><ref>((cite journal | last1 = Agarwal | first1 = A | last2 = Malvezzi | first2 = H | last3 = Sharma | first3 = R. | year = 2013 | title = Effect of an isotonic lubricant on sperm collection and sperm quality | journal = Fertil. Steril. | volume = 99 | issue = 6| pages = 1581–6 | doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.01.116| pmid = 23490168 | doi-access = free ))</ref><ref>((cite journal | last1 = Mowat | first1 = A | last2 = Newton | first2 = C | last3 = Boothroyd | first3 = C | last4 = Demmers | first4 = K | last5 = Fleming | first5 = S | year = 2014 | title = The effects of vaginal lubricants on sperm function: an in vitro analysis | journal = J Assist Reprod Genet | volume = 31| issue = 3 | pages = 333–9| pmc = 3947082 | pmid=24390681 | doi=10.1007/s10815-013-0168-x))</ref>

====Anal-specific====
Many lubricants are safe for [[anal sex]], but there are products that are specifically marketed or designed to enhance enjoyment of anal sex. Often, this is simply a thicker gel rather than a liquid. This thicker consistency is preferable because it helps the lubricant stay in place. Some anal lubricants contain [[numbing agent]]s to relieve discomfort during anal sex, although it is generally inadvisable as a lack of sensation makes accidental injury more likely. Additionally, a commonly used numbing agent [[benzocaine]] can cause an allergic reaction in those with an allergy to PABA ([[4-Aminobenzoic acid|4-aminobenzoic acid]]). Some lubricants are conveniently packaged for ease of application. Many of these products such as Astroglide Shooters have been pulled from the market due to [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] Medical Device Requirements.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=178.3570|title=CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21|website=www.accessdata.fda.gov|access-date=2019-12-17))</ref> Products containing benzocaine can numb all body parts with which they come in contact.

===Organic or natural===
In the [[United States]], the first certified organic personal lubricant labeled with the [[USDA]] organic seal was Nude Personal Lubricant,<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.slickn.com/articles/press-release-first-organic-personal-lubricant|title=Nude Personal Lubricant, Certified Organic by CCOF, Santa Cruz, California.|website=slickn.com|access-date=7 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195130/https://www.slickn.com/articles/press-release-first-organic-personal-lubricant|archive-date=13 February 2018))</ref> which was created in 2004 by Applied Organics. The US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) regulates lubricant as a medical device rather than as a cosmetic. Because of strict FDA guidelines for medical devices, organic personal lubricants were no longer allowed to carry a USDA seal, and they should be very careful about using the term ''organic'' anywhere on the label. Many of these types of lubricants also market themselves as "natural" and do not contain [[parabens]], [[Glycerol|glycerin]], [[diethanolamine]] (DEA) or animal-based ingredients. Some contain [[botanicals]] such as [[aloe vera]] or plant extracts.

===Specialty lubricants===
Warming lubricants contain specific ingredients to cause a sensation of warmth. Breathing on these types of lubricants may increase the effect. "Cooling" or "tingling" lubricants may contain ingredients such as [[peppermint]]. Some lubricants are sold together, such as "hot and cold", or are marketed for a specific use or effect.<ref>((cite web|title=Sex-Life Road Test: Warming and Cooling Lubes|date=27 April 2007|url=http://www.redbookmag.com/love-sex/positions-toys-techniques/warming-cooling-lubricants|publisher=Red Book Magazine|access-date=6 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112090623/http://www.redbookmag.com/love-sex/positions-toys-techniques/warming-cooling-lubricants|archive-date=12 November 2011))</ref> Flavored lubricants contain flavorings, such as fruit flavors, to enhance oral contact. "Edible" lubricants may be flavored and/or may not contain any ingredients that are not advisable to eat.

===Other===
Other products that have been used as personal lubricants include [[vegetable shortening]], which is durable and inexpensive but damaging to latex.<ref>((cite journal | title = Sexual Things | journal = [[GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies]] | author = Graham, Mark | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 211–313 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1215/10642684-10-2-299 | s2cid = 201759576 ))</ref> In a controversial scene in the movie ''[[Last Tango in Paris]]'', the character Paul, played by [[Marlon Brando]], uses [[butter]] during anal sex with the character Jeanne, played by [[Maria Schneider (actress)|Maria Schneider]].

==Uses==
===Sexual activity===
A personal lubricant can be used to increase pleasure and reduce pain during [[sexual intercourse]] or other activities and may be used for lubricating the [[human penis|penis]], [[vagina]], [[Human anus|anus]], stroker, [[dildo]] or other sex toys before or during activity. Lubricant may be applied to any body part desired, to the inside and/or outside of [[condom]]s, or to the hands or fingers. Personal lubricants are particularly useful for intercourse when a partner experiences dryness or excessive contraction (tightness) of the vagina or anus. [[Anal sex]] generally requires more generous application of lubricant since the anus does not have natural lubrication sufficient for most [[sexual activity]].<ref>((Cite news|url=https://lubezone.org/best-personal-lubricants-review/|title=Personal Lubricants for Uninterrupted Pleasure|date=2016-01-18|newspaper=Lube Zone|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084657/https://lubezone.org/best-personal-lubricants-review/|archive-date=2016-11-09))</ref>

====Masturbation====
While most males and females produce varying amounts of their own [[lubrication]], extra lubrication is sometimes sought when needed. There are specific lubricants which may be used in male masturbation, often called "masturbation creams", but are not suitable for vaginal or anal use or for use with condoms.<ref>((cite web |title=Lubricants for Sex: Oil-Based Lube |url=http://www.askmen.com/dating/love_tip_150/188b_love_tip.html |last=Hauck |first=Tyler |work=AskMen.com |access-date=2008-12-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226015253/http://www.askmen.com/dating/love_tip_150/188b_love_tip.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 ))</ref> Many men in [[Japan]] use lubricant created specifically for [[onahole]]s such as the [[Tenga (company)#Tenga Egg|Tenga Egg]].<ref>((cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/11/15/inside-robot/|title=Inside, Robot))</ref> Lubricant that is safe for [[sexual intercourse]] is also safe for [[masturbation]].

[[Hand lotion]] is often used for recreational masturbation and popularly seen as an alternative to lubricants created specifically for sexual intercourse.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/news/a37111/every-question-you-have-about-guys-masturbation-answered/|title=Every Question You Have About Male Masturbation Habits, Answered|date=20 August 2019))</ref>

===Medicine===
[[Enema]] nozzles<ref>((cite journal |url=https://www.britishjournalofnursing.com/content/clinical/administering-an-enema-indications-types-equipment-and-procedure/ |title=Administering an enema: indications, types, equipment and procedure |author=Aby Mitchell |date=2019-02-14 |journal=[[The British Journal of Nursing]] |accessdate=2023-08-17 |volume=28 |issue=9 |ISSN=2052-2819 ))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Soapsuds_enema |title=Soapsuds enema |website=Biology-Online Dictionary |publisher=Biology-Online |access-date=2023-08-17 ))</ref> and [[Rectal thermometry|rectal thermometer]] tips should be lubricated before use to minimize friction while inserting through the tightly retentive [[Human anus|anal]] [[Sphincter muscle|sphincter]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/measuring-a-babys-temperature |title=Measuring a Baby's Temperature |author=Johns Hopkins School of Medicine |author-link=Johns Hopkins School of Medicine |date=2019-07-28 |work=Health Home &ndash; Conditions and Diseases |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |access-date=2020-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103102816/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/measuring-a-babys-temperature |archive-date=2019-11-03 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

Personal lubricants can help treat [[erectile dysfunction]] in older men.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/how-lubricant-can-transform-your-sex-life-10493538.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/how-lubricant-can-transform-your-sex-life-10493538.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=HOW LUBRICANT CAN TRANSFORM YOUR SEX LIFE|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=14 January 2019))</ref>

==Risks==
((Commons category|Personal lubricants|lcfirst=yes))

As of December 2012, the [[United States|U.S]]. [[Food and Drug Administration|Food & Drug Administration]] does not typically require testing of personal lubricants in humans. ((citation needed|date=December 2017)) The agency classifies them as medical devices, so testing occurs on animals such as rabbits and guinea pigs. Rectal use of lubricants is viewed by the agency as an off-label application. ((citation needed|date=December 2017)) In 2012 it was reported that participants who consistently used personal lubricants for [[Anal Intercourse|rectal intercourse]] had a higher prevalence of [[sexually transmitted infection]]s (STI), such as [[chlamydia]], than inconsistent users.((citation needed|date=December 2017)) Some warming lubricants have been shown to have an osmolality count more than 30 times the body's own fluid. Increased [[Herpes simplex|herpes]] transmission was more than ninefold when compared with animals not administered lubricant. In 2007 it was demonstrated that certain lubricants can cause significant damage to the rectal tissue of human study participants – major shedding of [[Cell (biology)|cells]] from tissue samples biopsied 60 to 90 minutes after lubricant application was observed. Certain lubricants containing the ingredient [[chlorhexidine]], an [[antibacterial agent]], has been shown to kill three species of ''[[Lactobacillus]]'' and has been shown to unbalance the natural flora in the [[vagina]], which might lead to [[infection]]s such as [[bacterial vaginosis]]. Lubricants with osmolalities closer to that of the body, such as agar-based lubes, did not damage the tissue samples or boost [[HIV]] infection rates.<ref>((cite web|url=http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i50/Studies-Raise-Questions-Safety-Personal.html|title=Studies Raise Questions About Safety Of Personal Lubricants – December 10, 2012 Issue – Vol. 90 Issue 50 – Chemical & Engineering News|first=Lauren K.|last=Wolf|website=cen.acs.org|access-date=7 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109163404/http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i50/Studies-Raise-Questions-Safety-Personal.html |archive-date=9 January 2015))</ref>((Citation needed|date=December 2017))

Some may experience irritation from the use of certain lubricants. Some lubricants (as mentioned above under [[#Water-based|Water-based]]) have been found to damage [[Cell (biology)|cells]] or even increase the replication of the [[HIV]] virus.<ref name=":0" /> [[Nonoxynol-9]], a [[spermicide]] contained in some lubricants, can destroy [[vagina]]l and [[rectum]] [[cell membrane]]s which may increase the rate of STI transmission.<ref>((cite web |title=Learning from microbicides: A young field's experience working with high-risk women |url=http://aidscience.org/Articles/iavi007.asp |last=Bass |first=Emily |work=AIDScience |publisher=IAVI |date=August 2002 |access-date=2008-12-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728022509/http://aidscience.org/Articles/iavi007.asp |archive-date=2011-07-28 ))</ref> [[Spermicide|Spermicidally]] lubricated condoms do not contain enough spermicide to increase contraceptive effectiveness,<ref>((cite web |title=Birth Control – Nonoxynol-9 and Risk Reduction |url=http://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/book/companion.asp?id=18&compID=19 |work=Our Bodies Ourselves |publisher=Global Campaign for Microbicides |date=March 2005 |access-date=2008-12-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123193713/http://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/book/companion.asp?id=18&compID=19 |archive-date=2009-01-23 ))</ref> but application of separate spermicide is thought to reduce [[pregnancy]] rates significantly.<ref>((cite journal |vauthors=Kestelman P, Trussell J |title=Efficacy of the simultaneous use of condoms and spermicides. |jstor=2135759 | journal = Fam Plann Perspect | volume = 23 | issue = 5 |pages=226–7, 232 |year=1991| pmid = 1743276 | doi = 10.2307/2135759))</ref>

==References==
((Reflist|2))

((sex))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Personal Lubricant))
[[Category:Personal lubricants| ]]

[[ja:ラブローション]]

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