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((Short description|Bus rapid transit developed by Samenwerkingsverband Regio Eindhoven (SRE)))
((multiple issues|
((More citations needed|date=November 2007))
((Advert|date=August 2010))
((Expand Dutch|Phileas (OV)|date=September 2020)) 
))

[[File:APTS Phileas 1203.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Phileas-bus-Eindhoven.jpg|thumb|Phileas bus]]

'''Phileas''' is a [[bus rapid transit]], developed by [[Samenwerkingsverband Regio Eindhoven]] [[Metropoolregio Eindhoven|(SRE)]], Netherlands, along with other companies for the Cooperation Foundation Eindhoven Region (most prominently; APTS and Bombardier).

Phileas is an advanced [[guided bus]], intended to deliver tram-like public transport at a low cost; the maintenance infrastructures are intended to be cheaper,((dubious|date=November 2021)) due to no maintenance of rails and [[overhead line]]s.((citation needed |date=November 2021))

A major feature of the bus, is the recharging battery by means of [[electromagnetic induction]]; which allows the battery to be manufactured in smaller sizes. Thus, less heavy and environmentally damaging.<ref>[http://www.nistep.go.jp/achiev/ftx/eng/stfc/stt029e/qr29pdf/STTqr2903.pdf Electromagnetic recharging] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721130008/http://www.nistep.go.jp/achiev/ftx/eng/stfc/stt029e/qr29pdf/STTqr2903.pdf |date=2011-07-21 ))</ref><ref>[http://www.path.berkeley.edu/PATH/Publications/PDF/PRR/2007/PRR-2007-21.pdf Phileasbus using electromagnetic induction] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927211654/http://www.path.berkeley.edu/PATH/Publications/PDF/PRR/2007/PRR-2007-21.pdf |date=2011-09-27 ))</ref>

The project has cost more than two billion [[Euro]]s, including infrastructure changes.

== Origin of name ==
Phileas is named after [[Phileas Fogg]], the [[protagonist]] in ''[[Around the World in Eighty Days (novel)|Around the World in Eighty Days]]'' by [[Jules Verne]] because of the high speed and ability to be on time.

== Navigation ==

The Phileas mainly drives on a [[bus lane]], following a pre-programmed route defined by magnets built into the road. [[Trolleybus|The FROG technique]] used allowed [[Self-driving car|driverless operation]], however, for legal reasons, a driver must always remain present and vigilant - the budget prevented the Phileas from being completely separated from ordinary traffic. However, the regional authority for urban transport in [[Eindhoven]] [[Metropoolregio Eindhoven|(SRE)]] decided to stop using the magnetic guidance system.

== Safety ==
The computer systems inside the Phileas buses are designed in accordance with [[Safety Integrity Level]] SIL-4. It controls the vehicle's speed and direction and has a triple-[[Redundancy (engineering)|redundant]], [[fail-safe]] architecture. This means that one system consists of three [[single-board computer]]s in a [https://www.globalspec.com/reference/76371/203279/2oo3-architecture 2-out-of-3 configuration]. Each is installed in a different place in the bus, to avoid a complete system failure in the event of a vehicle collision. Every single computer obtains data from all sensors via two [[CAN bus]] connections and compares them with the other two computers' results. In the case of data mismatch, the bus is switched off and the entire system goes into a "safe state", which means that the bus stops and opens its doors.<ref>((cite web
| title = Driverless Bus Guidance Computer System
| publisher = MEN Micro
| url = http://www.menmicro.com/applications/railways-transport,30AP034.html
| accessdate = 2010-09-21
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120305133810/http://www.menmicro.com/applications/railways-transport,30AP034.html
| archive-date = 2012-03-05
| url-status = dead
))</ref>

== License ==
[[File:KRRI Bimodal Tram (Phileas) front.jpg|thumb|KRRI Variant, also known as Bimodal Tram.]]
On 3 November 2005, a license & technology transfer agreement was signed between Advanced Public Transport Systems (APTS) and the Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI). The KRRI developed the Korean version of Phileas vehicle in May 2011.<ref>[http://www.bimodaltram.com/eng/ Bimodal Transportation Research Center]</ref>

In December 2009, APTS, the manufacturer of the Phileas Tram signed a contract with [[Ballard Power Systems|Ballard Fuel Cells]] of [[Vancouver]] to supply zero-emission engines for the Phileas.

The Phileas Trams are in successful operation in the [[Netherlands]], [[Turkey]], [[Korea]], and [[Israel]] ([[Metronit]] in [[Haifa]]).<ref>See [[Metronit]] article.</ref> They were also in use for a time in [[Douai]], [[France]], but persistent unreliability led to their replacement by traditional articulated buses just 4 years after their introduction.<ref name="evea">[http://www.moviken.com/pdf/article%20vdn_13_douai_22_11_14.pdf La voix du Nord du 22 novembre 2014, édition du Douaisis] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228231933/http://www.moviken.com/pdf/article%20vdn_13_douai_22_11_14.pdf |date=2014-12-28 ))</ref>

== Challenges of the Metrobus project in Istanbul ==
((unreferenced section|date=January 2023))
((main|Metrobus (Istanbul)))
[[Istanbul]] Metropolitan Municipality purchased 50 Phileas bi-articulated vehicles for €63,278,650 (€1,265,573 per bus) for the [[Metrobus (Istanbul)|Metrobus]] project; which was the highest order for Phileas at the time. There were several challenges due to faulty design including overcrowding (originally designed for 240 passengers, accommodating up to 300 passengers, exceeding their intended capacity), and challenging terrain (over 7% slopes). In addition, the weak traction axles of the buses frequently cracked and buses needed modifications to continue service. The modification cost for the stronger traction axles was comparatively expensive and was more than €200,000 per bus (competitor buses like the Mercedes Conecto with 185 passenger capacity were sold for approximately €400,000 at that time). Changes were made to accommodate higher passenger traffic.

One of the buses was lost to a fire on the 25 of March, 2015 at E5 road. Around 32 buses are usable and approximately 20 buses are in light use (25,000&nbsp;km per year) due to their high operating expenses and high failure rates. The remaining buses remain parked at [[Edirnekapı, Fatih|Edirnekapı]] and [[Hasanpaşa]] garages of [[Istanbul]] Metropolitan Municipality. They are currently in unusable condition and are used as a source of spare parts.

==See also==
* [[Trolleybus]]
* [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] [[Primove]]<ref>[http://primove.bombardier.com/ Another electric bus with recharging system at bus stops (bottom)]</ref>
* [[ABB Group|ABB]] [[TOSA Flash Mobility, Clean City, Smart Bus]]<ref>[http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/f32c9ded54dc0b20c1257b7a0054972b.aspx TOSA2013] The project aims to introduce a new system of mass transport with electric “flash” recharging of the buses at selected stops (overhead conductive charging)</ref>

==Sources==
This article incorporates parts of the Dutch Wikipedia entry, [[:nl:Phileas (OV)]]

==References==
((Reflist|2))

== External links ==
((Commons category|APTS Phileas))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140651/http://www.apts-phileas.com/ www.apts-phileas.com]
* [http://www.milliyet.com.tr/Guncel/HaberDetay.aspx?aType=HaberDetay&ArticleID=1085095&Date=20.04.2009&b=Trilyonluk%20otobusler%20seferden%20kaldirildi&KategoriID=24&ver=63 PhileasNews]
* [http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/6605/ballard-sells-fuel-cell-power-modules-to-advanced-public-    Ballard Power of Vancouver signs with APTS to power Phileas Trams]
* [http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/trilyonluk_metrobusler_seferden_kaldirildi-932154 Phileas in Istanbul] (Turkish)

((DEFAULTSORT:Phileas (Public Transport)))
[[Category:Bus rapid transit]]
[[Category:Transport in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Fuel cell buses]]

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