Philip Olin Keeney (1891–1962), and his wife, Mary Jane Keeney, were librarians who became part of the Silvermaster spy ring in the 1940s.[1]

Keeney met Mary Jane when both were working as librarians at the University of Michigan in 1929. In 1931, he became head librarian and professor of library economy at Montana State University (now known as the University of Montana) at Missoula, where he made several improvements.[2] By the mid-1930s, both Keeney and his wife were involved with left-wing political movements. In 1937, Keeney, although tenured, was summarily terminated after questioning book censorship by a local politician and supporting a proposal to revive a local chapter of the American Federation of Teachers. Supported by the American Civil Liberties Union and the American Association of University Professors, among others, Keeney brought a wrongful dismissal suit and, in 1939, the Montana Supreme Court ruled in his favor and mandated reinstatement. But, made ill by the stress, he soon resigned.[1]

Progressive Librarians Council

The Keeneys moved to Berkeley, California, where they became members of the Marin County CPUSA Club, according to Mary Jane's diaries.[3] In 1939, the Keeneys founded the Progressive Librarians' Council (PLC). That year, the PLC endorsed for Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish,[4] chairman in 1937 of the first open meeting of the Second Congress of the League of American Writers,[5] which was "founded under Communist auspices in 1935," according to a 1942 report by President Roosevelt's Attorney General Francis Biddle.[6] As he was not a librarian, the American Library Association (ALA) opposed MacLeish's candidacy, but when FDR made his appointment, the PLC candidate got the nod.[7]

The PLC also smuggled money to Emilio Andrés,[4] commissar of an army corps of the Soviet-backed Spanish Republican Army,[8] in exile in France after the Spanish Civil War. During the Hitler-Stalin pact, the PLC sent a letter to FDR urging him not to aid Poland, France or the United Kingdom, all fighting for their lives under the Nazi onslaught. (The letter had been phrased in such a way that it appeared to be from the ALA, but that group sent the President its own missive clarifying that the PLC did not speak for the ALA.) Once the pact broke down, and Germany invaded the Soviet Union, the PLC altered its position, advocating American participation in the war.[4]

Allegations: Communist fronts and Soviet espionage

The Keeneys had a long list of political affiliations with alleged "Communist fronts" such as the Washington Book Shop,[9] identified in 1944 by Biddle[10] and in 1948 by Truman administration Attorney General Tom Clark[11] as a subversive organization. In 1940, "Keeney and his wife were signed on apparently by the Neighbors,"—code name for Soviet military intelligence (GRU)—according to a 1944 report by NKVD agent Sergey Kurnikov.[12]

Government work

Despite Keeney's radical political views, activities in several "popular front" groups and socialization with numerous people involved in Soviet espionage activities, both he and his wife were able to obtain a variety of federal jobs between 1940 and 1947. Within months of the PLC's endorsement of MacLeish for Librarian of Congress, Keeney was working at the Library of Congress in Washington D.C.,[4] where he handled classified material.[13] NKVD agent Jacob Golos allegedly met with him there.

After the United States became involved in World War II, Keeney transferred to the Office of the Coordinator of Information, which was later transferred to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS),[3] precursor of the CIA. In a 1942 Venona cable discussing infiltration of OSS, "Maksim" (Rezident Vasily Zarubin, under cover as "Vasily Zubilin") in New York wrote to "Victor" (General Pavel Fitin, head of NKVD foreign intelligence) in Moscow, "KINI is being entrusted to our agentura,"[14] meaning that recruitment was being undertaken.[15] A note from U.S. cryptographers states "KINI: If correct, probably Philip Olin KEENEY."[16]

From 1943 to 1945, Keeney was Chief of the Document Security Section in the Foreign Economic Administration. His wife, meanwhile, worked in the Bureau of Economic Warfare.[17] In 1945, Keeney was allegedly transferred from the GRU to the NKVD.[15]

In late 1945 he was hired as a social science researcher in the Supreme Command for the Allied Powers (SCAP) in Tokyo in occupied Japan.[18] Later, designated "Libraries Officer" in the SCAP Civil Information and Education Section, he played an important role in promoting the revival and reform of library services in Japan. He negotiated the return of library buildings requisitioned by the Military Government and fostered the renewal of the Japan Library Association. His memorandum "Unified Library Services for Japan" of 8 April 1946 (aka The Keeney Plan) [19] was a set of recommendations based on the California County Library System and stimulated discussion of new library legislation but was very incompletely reflected in the eventual Library Law of 1950.[20][21]

His wife worked in France for the Allied Staff on Reparations.[3] Both Keeneys had numerous contacts with Soviet agents and sought to provide them with information, exerting "considerable effort" seeking to "contribute something of value to the Soviet cause in which they believed..."[9]

Investigations

In 1942 J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, demanded that Keeney be fired from the Library of Congress as a subversive. After investigating the Librarian, Archibald MacLeish, concluded that there was no evidence to support the charge and, when challenged, Hoover did not provide any and Keeney was retained.[22]

In 1946, the State Department prepared a Top Secret chart identifying 124 loyalty or security cases on the department payroll. Later that year, State Department official Samuel Klaus prepared a 106-page confidential memo summarizing security data on each of the cases listed on the chart. One of these was Mary Jane Keeney.[23]

A 1946 congressional report named Keeney's wife, and in 1947 both lost their federal jobs and were denied passports. Within three months, Keeney attempted to leave the country without a valid passport, on the same Polish ship on which Comintern agent Gerhardt Eisler had escaped to the East bloc; the lawyer who encouraged him in this unsuccessful attempt to leave the country was Eisler's attorney.[13]

During the Judith Coplon spy trial that year, FBI surveillance records were published that implicated Keeney's wife as a courier for the Communist Party, observed upon her return from France in 1946 delivering a manila envelope to Bernstein, which he in turn delivered to Alexander Trachtenberg. Mary Jane herself admitted associating with Nathan Gregory Silvermaster and William Ludwig Ullmann. In 1949, Keeney was a sponsor of the National Conference on American Policy in China and the Far East and the Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace, both arranged by the National Council of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions, cited as subversive by the California Committee on Un-American Activities.[24] Despite all this, by the following year, Mary Jane was working in the Document Control Section of the United Nations secretariat.[13]

After Sen. Joseph McCarthy publicized this in his 1950 speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, she was dismissed.[9] The Keeneys refused to answer questions regarding membership in the Communist Party.[13] In 1952, they were convicted on contempt of Congress for refusing to answer questions before a Senate committee. Their convictions were later reversed on appeal.[3]

Later life

In their later years, the Keeneys are variously reported to have founded and run a cinema club in Washington, D.C. between 1952 and 1958, showing art films, and reportedly opened a beatnik theatre in Greenwich Village called Club Cinema to air mostly foreign-language films with subtitles, with occasional folksingers or poetry readings.[4] Keeney died in 1962 at the age of 71. He was survived by his wife.

Venona

After the National Security Agency declassified the Venona project in 1995, John Earl Haynes, Cold War historian in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, identified Philip Keeney with the code name "Bredan."[25]

References

  1. ^ a b Rosalee McReynolds, Louise S. Robbins: The Librarian Spies: Philip and Mary Jane Keeney and Cold War Espionage, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-99448-8.
  2. ^ Tauber, Maurice F. & Eugene Holt Wilson. Report on a Survey of the Library of Montana State University for Montana State University, January–May 1951. Chicago: American Library Association. p. 15.
  3. ^ a b c d Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2000). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 178. ISBN 0-300-08462-5. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  4. ^ a b c d e McReynolds, Rosalee (Winter 1990–1991). "The Progressive Librarians Council and Its Founders". Progressive Librarian (2). Progressive Librarians Guild. Archived from the original on 2006-08-21.
  5. ^ "Books: Creators' Congress". Time. Time Life. June 21, 1937. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013.
  6. ^ During the Nazi-Soviet pact, said Biddle, the League "began openly to follow the Communist Party line as dictated by the foreign policy of the Soviet Union." The League's sudden pacifism during the pact, and equally sudden reversion to pro-war militancy upon its breakdown, observed Biddle, left "little doubt of its Communist control." Congressional Record. United States Government Printing Office: 7685–7686. September 2, 1942. ((cite journal)): Missing or empty |title= (help) cited in Joint Fact-Finding Committee, California Legislature (1947). Third Report: Un-American Activities in California. Sacramento: California Senate. pp. 67–69 (PDF pp. 77–79). Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  7. ^ In 1948, following the death of Soviet agent Archived 2010-06-26 at the Wayback Machine Laurence Duggan—ten days after Duggan implicated Henry Collins and Frederick Vanderbilt Field in espionage, and five days after Alger Hiss's indictment by a grand jury (Christopher D. O'Sullivan, "8. Resignation," Sumner Welles, Postwar Planning, and the Quest for a New World Order, 1937-1943 [Columbia University Press, 2007] ISBN 978-0-231-14258-8)—MacLeish would dedicate a poem to Duggan, denouncing "informers" for their "slanders" and "lies." (Archibald MacLeish, "The Black Day," Collected Poems, 1917-1982 [Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1985] ISBN 0-395-39569-0, p. 403) His apparent targets were Hede Massing and Whittaker Chambers, each of whom had identified Duggan. Adolf Berle’s Notes on his Meeting with Whittaker Chambers (John Earl Haynes, Historical Writings); Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (1999). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 202–203. ISBN 0-300-07771-8. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  8. ^ Wingeate, David (2000). Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, the Horror on the Danube. London: Routledge. pp. 110–111. ISBN 0-415-22780-1. Retrieved 2010-07-25. Wingeate claims that Andrés was killed during World War II, but McReynolds claims that "Following World War II, Keeney's wife Mary Jane... met [Andrés' wife]... who... died shortly after this meeting. The Keeney's, along with other members of the PLC, continued to send money and clothing to Emilio..."
  9. ^ a b c Robert Justin Goldstein (September 7, 2009). "Review of The Librarian Spies: Philip and Mary Jane Keeney and Cold War Espionage -- By Rosalee McReynolds and Louise S. Robbins (Praeger, 2009)". History News Network (George Mason University). Archived from the original on October 23, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  10. ^ Then known as the "Washington Cooperative Bookshop": See Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations.
  11. ^ Then known as the "Washington Bookshop Association": See Attorney General's list, Federal Register 13 (20 March 1948), Department of History, University of Minnesota.
  12. ^ Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2000). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-300-08462-5. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  13. ^ a b c d United States House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (March 15, 1950). Annual Report, 1949. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 3–4 (PDF pp. 9–10). Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  14. ^ KGB 726-729 New York to Moscow 22 May 1942 Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, p. 5 (National Security Agency)
  15. ^ a b Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2000). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0-300-08462-5. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  16. ^ KGB 726-729 New York to Moscow 22 May 1942 Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, p. 7 (National Security Agency)
  17. ^ United States House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (March 15, 1950). Annual Report, 1949. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. p. 4 (PDF p. 10). Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  18. ^ United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary (1953). Interlocking subversion in government departments (PDF). United States Government Printing Office. p. 37. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  19. ^ "Editors' Notes: Philip O. Keeney, "Unified Library Service for Japan,"... University of California, Berkeley. Bancroft Library". Archived from the original on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
  20. ^ "Editors' Notes: Library Law of 1950. (Japan)". Archived from the original on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
  21. ^ Michael Buckland with Masaya Takayama, Ideology and Libraries:California, Diplomacy, and Occupied Japan, 1945–1952 Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2020.
  22. ^ Verner W. Clapp letter to P. O. Keeney, Dec 7, 1942. In Philip Olin Keeney Papers.
  23. ^ Evans, M. Stanton (2007). Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies. New York: Crown Forum. pp. 45–46, 152–154. ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  24. ^ Committee on Un-American Activities, U.S. House of Representatives (1948). Review of the Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace (PDF). Washington: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 24, 58 (PDF 26, 60). Retrieved 2010-07-25.
  25. ^ John Earl Haynes (April 2009). "Cover Name, Cryptonym, Pseudonym, and Real Name Index: A Research Historian's Working Reference". Retrieved 12 September 2010.

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