Photograph of Dr William Bland, taken by George Baron Goodman, 1845.

Photography in Australia started in the 1840s. The first photograph taken in Australia, a daguerreotype of Bridge Street, Sydney, was taken in 1841.

In the early 20th century, Australian photography was heavily influenced by the Pictorialist approach. In the mid-20th century, the photographic scene in Australia was shaped by modernist influences from abroad.

According to the 2011 Australian Census, 9,549 respondents indicated photographer as their main job.

19th century photography

Daguerreotype of Sydney publican Edward Thomas McDonald (1810-1866) taken by J.W. Newland, 1848
Walter B. Woodbury, c1855

The first photograph taken in Australia, a daguerreotype of Bridge Street, Sydney, was recorded as having been taken by a visiting naval captain, Captain Augustin Lucas (1804-1854) in 1841. The existence of the photograph was indicated in a note published in The Australasian Chronicle on 13 April of that year. Lucas had arrived aboard the Justine, captained by his younger brother Francois Lucas.[1] Lucas, late commander of the Naval School expedition, intended to sell his camera and equipment which he put on display in the office of Messrs. Joubert and Murphey, in Macquarie Place.[2]

Commercial photography began on 12 December 1842 when photographic portraits, at a cost of one guinea each, were made, using the daguerreotype process, on the roof of The Royal Hotel, Sydney.[3] The photographer concerned was George Baron Goodman (1815-1891)[4] the first professional photographer in Australia.[5] Goodman, who had arrived in 1842,[6] took several thousand daguerreotypes in over four and a half years in the colonies. He sold his photographic business to his brother-in-law, Isaac Polack, in 1847, and left Australia in 1850.[7]

The earliest known surviving photograph taken in Australia is believed to be a daguerreotype portrait of Dr William Bland by Goodman.[8] This portrait is likely to be the one mentioned in The Sydney Morning Herald of 14 January 1845.[9]

Important early professional photographers include William Glover Webb Freeman (1809–1855), Thomas Foster Chuck (1826–1898), Walter Woodbury (1834-1885), Nicholas Caire (1837–1918) and John Lindt (1845–1926).

Thorton Richards Camera House in Ballarat, which opened in 1872, claims to be the oldest camera store in Australia.[10]

RMIT University in Melbourne first taught photography in 1887 as an inaugural discipline, and has done so continuously, making it the oldest ongoing photography course in the world.

20th century photography

In the early 20th century, Frank Hurley, was a noted photographer whose subject matter included Antarctic explorations, led by Douglas Mawson and Ernest Shackleton, and the battlefields of the First World War.[11] Other influential photographers were Harold Cazneaux, and Cecil Bostock, both founding members of the Sydney Camera Circle, in 1916. Like Hurley, this group was heavily influenced by the Pictorialist approach to photography. Their Pictorialist approach was adapted to the Australian environment and its strong sunlight; this group of photographers pledged "to work and to advance pictorial photography and to show our own Australia in terms of sunlight rather than those of greyness and dismal shadows", imparting a distinctive Australian perspective to their work.[12][13][14][15] In Melbourne founder of the Victorian Photographic Salon in 1929 and Pictorialist Dr Julian Smith's melodramatic and heavily printed portraits and theatrical 'character studies' brought him international fame in salons.

Pictorialist photographer Robert Vere Scott, influenced by the visit to Australia of noted American aerial panoramic photographer Melvin Vaniman in 1903-1904, began taking pictures in a similar panoramic format, before leaving Australia in 1918. Rose Simmonds, working in Brisbane during the 1920s and 1930s, was also a leading Pictorialist photographer. Trained as an artist, she only took up photography after her marriage.[16]

During the 1930s and 1940s, Max Dupain, created images of Australian life, most notably his 1937 photograph, Sunbaker.[17] Dupain had learned his craft, while apprenticed to the Pictorialist Cecil Bostock, but abandoned the soft-focus pictorial style for a sharp-focus modernist approach.[18] His companion and assistant Olive Cotton became a leading photographer in her own right.[19][20]

In the mid-20th century, the photographic scene in Australia was shaped by modernist influences from abroad. This period saw an influx of people from Europe, including Wolfgang Sievers, Helmut Newton and Henry Talbot. They settled in Melbourne, bringing with them a modern aesthetic and new skills from their training at influential schools such as Berlin’s Reimann School and Contemporary School of Applied Arts. A vibrant and creative culture emerged with many photographers establishing commercial studios around the thriving arts precinct in Collins Street in buildings such as the Grosvenor Chambers.

After the war, Wolfgang Sievers and Helmut Newton set up studios in Collins Street and Flinders Lane respectively. Other influential photographers such as Athol Shmith, Dr Julian Smith and Norman Ikin set up studios nearby.[21]

21st century photography

The contemporary photography industry in Australia is highly competitive. In the 2011 Australian Census, 9,549 respondents indicated photographer as their main job.

References

  1. ^ Marshall, Peter (2006). "The first photograph". Early Photography in Australia. About.com (part of The New York Times). Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2006.
  2. ^ "The Daguerreotype". Australasian Chronicle (Sydney, NSW : 1839 - 1843). 1841. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  3. ^ Australasian Chronicle, 10 December 1842, p.3
  4. ^ David Combe (2019), George Barron Goodman: revealing the true identity of Australia's first professional photographer, accessed 14 September 2019, combe.id.au
  5. ^ Davies, Alan & Stanbury, Peter, The mechanical eye in Australia, photography 1841-1900, Melbourne, Oxford University Press, p.8. ISBN 0195546040
  6. ^ Levi, John S. (2013) These are the names: Jewish lives in Australia, 1788-1850, Melbourne, The Miegunyah Press, p.263. ISBN 9780522862294
  7. ^ Davies & Stanbury, p.8
  8. ^ "Daguerreotype Portrait of Dr William Bland". State Library of New South Wales. 1845. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  9. ^ "William Bland - full record". PICMAN database. State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 18 December 2006.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ "Camera House - Ballarat".
  11. ^ Pike, A. F., "Hurley, James Francis (Frank) (1885–1962)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 6 November 2021
  12. ^ Harold Cazneaux letter to Jack Cato National Library of Australia Manuscript MS 5416
  13. ^ Gael Newton "Silver and Grey: fifty years of Australian photography 1900 - 1950", Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1980
  14. ^ "Sydney Camera Circle, founded 28 November, 1916". State Library of NSW. 28 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  15. ^ Lynch, Lesley G., "Cazneaux, Harold Pierce (1878–1953)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 6 November 2021
  16. ^ Bradbury, Keith, "Simmonds, Rose (1877–1960)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 6 November 2021
  17. ^ "MAX DUPAIN PHOTOGRAPHY". Max Dupain Exhibition Photography. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  18. ^ Ennis, Helen, "Dupain, Maxwell Spencer (Max) (1911–1992)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 6 November 2021
  19. ^ "Know My Name". nga.gov.au. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  20. ^ Ennis, Helen (2019). Olive Cotton: a life in photography. ISBN 978-1-4607-5834-2. OCLC 1110697888.
  21. ^ "Melbourne post-war photography". State Library of Victoria. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
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